What is the status of unpublished U.S. applications as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e)?

Unpublished U.S. applications can serve as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e) in certain circumstances. According to the MPEP, If an earlier filed, copending, and unpublished U.S. patent application discloses subject matter which would anticipate the claims in a later filed pending U.S. application which has a different inventive entity, the examiner should determine…

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How does WIPO Standard ST.26 define “unknown” or “other” nucleotides and amino acids?

MPEP 2412.03(a) refers to WIPO Standard ST.26, which defines “unknown” or “other” nucleotides and amino acids using specific symbols: For nucleotides, the symbol “n” represents “unknown” or “other” For amino acids, the symbol “X” represents “unknown” or “other” The MPEP provides tables for both nucleotide and amino acid symbols, stating: n a or c or…

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How should unknown amino acids be represented in a sequence listing?

The MPEP 2412.05(d) provides guidance on representing unknown amino acids in sequence listings: Use the symbol ‘X’ to represent unknown amino acids Provide further description in a feature table Use the feature key “UNSURE” and optionally the qualifier “note” The MPEP states, “Any “unknown” amino acid must be represented by the symbol “X” in the…

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What are examples of universal facts that can be shown by non-prior art references?

Non-prior art references can be used to show universal facts in patent examination. The MPEP 2124 provides several examples of such universal facts: Characteristics and properties of a material Scientific truisms Whether undue experimentation would have been required at the filing date Whether a parameter was critical or not The accuracy of statements in the…

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