How should circular nucleotide sequences be represented in patent applications?
According to MPEP 2412.05(b), circular nucleotide sequences in patent applications should be represented as follows: The applicant must choose the nucleotide in residue position number 1 Numbering is continuous throughout the entire sequence in the 5′ to 3′ direction The last residue position number must equal the total number of nucleotides in the sequence The…
Read MoreWhat is considered a “nucleotide” in a Sequence Listing XML?
According to MPEP 2412.03(d), a “nucleotide” in a Sequence Listing XML includes: Any nucleotide Nucleotide analogs Modified nucleotides The MPEP, citing WIPO Standard ST.26, specifies that a nucleotide must contain: A backbone moiety (e.g., 2′ deoxyribose 5′ monophosphate or an analogue) Either a nucleobase (including modified or synthetic purines or pyrimidines) or an “AP site”…
Read MoreWhat symbols should be used to represent nucleotides in a sequence?
According to MPEP 2412.05(b), the symbols for representing nucleotides in a sequence are as follows: Use only lower-case letters Refer to Table 1: List of Nucleotides Symbols in MPEP 2412.03(a) The symbol “t” represents thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA Use the most restrictive ambiguity symbol when appropriate The symbol “n” represents any nucleotide…
Read MoreWhat symbols should be used to represent nucleotide sequences?
According to WIPO Standard ST.26, paragraph 13, all nucleotides in a sequence must be represented using the symbols in Table 1: List of Nucleotides Symbols. Only lowercase letters must be used. The most important symbols are: a – for adenine c – for cytosine g – for guanine t – for thymine in DNA or…
Read MoreHow should nucleotide sequences be represented in patent applications?
According to MPEP 2412.05(b), nucleotide sequences in patent applications filed on or after July 1, 2022, must be represented as follows: A single strand, in the 5′ to 3′ direction from left to right Using only lower-case letters The first nucleotide is residue position number 1 Numbering is continuous throughout the sequence As stated in…
Read MoreWhat is the definition of “nucleotide” according to the MPEP?
According to MPEP 2412.03(d), a “nucleotide” is defined as follows: “‘Nucleotide’ includes any nucleotide, nucleotide analog, or modified nucleotide as defined in paragraphs 3(f) and 3(g) of WIPO Standard ST.26.” This definition encompasses a wide range of nucleotide structures, including both natural and modified forms. The MPEP further elaborates that a nucleotide contains: A specific…
Read MoreWhat is the definition of “amino acid” according to MPEP 2412.03(b)?
According to MPEP 2412.03(b), the definition of “amino acid” is broad and inclusive. The section states: “‘Amino acid’ includes any D- or L-amino acid or modified amino acid as defined in paragraph 3(a) of WIPO Standard ST.26.” This definition encompasses not only standard L-amino acids but also D-amino acids and modified amino acids with synthetic…
Read MoreWhat is a “Modified Nucleotide” according to MPEP 2412.03(e)?
According to MPEP 2412.03(e), a “Modified nucleotide” is defined as follows: “Modified nucleotide” includes any nucleotide as described in paragraph 3(f) of WIPO Standard ST.26. Further explanation from WIPO Standard ST.26 states that a modified nucleotide is any nucleotide other than the standard DNA and RNA nucleotides. Specifically, it excludes: deoxyadenosine 3′-monophosphate deoxyguanosine 3′-monophosphate deoxycytidine…
Read MoreHow are modified amino acids represented in a sequence listing?
According to MPEP 2412.05(d), modified amino acids should be represented as follows: Represent as the corresponding unmodified amino acid when possible Use ‘X’ for modified amino acids that cannot be represented by other symbols Provide further description in a feature table The MPEP states, “WIPO Standard ST.26, paragraph 29, specifies that modified amino acids, including…
Read MoreWhat is considered a “modified amino acid” according to the MPEP?
According to MPEP 2412.03(c), a “modified amino acid” is defined as follows: “Modified amino acid” includes any amino acid as described in paragraph 3(e) of WIPO Standard ST.26. This definition is further elaborated in WIPO Standard ST.26, which states that a modified amino acid is any amino acid other than the 22 standard amino acids…
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