What is ‘swearing behind’ a reference?

‘Swearing behind’ a reference refers to the process of filing an affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.131(a) to overcome a rejection in certain patent applications. This process allows an applicant or patent owner to establish a date of completion of the invention prior to the effective date of a reference used in a rejection.…

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How does the USPTO handle prior art rejections when the reference names a different inventive entity with at least one common inventor?

When the USPTO handles prior art rejections where the reference names a different inventive entity with at least one common inventor, the following process is typically followed: The examiner will treat the reference as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e), (f), or (g). The applicant can overcome this rejection by filing an affidavit or…

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How does the USPTO handle prior art references with both operable and inoperable features?

How does the USPTO handle prior art references with both operable and inoperable features? The USPTO has a specific approach to handling prior art references that contain both operable and inoperable features. According to MPEP 716.07: “Where the affidavit or declaration presented asserts inoperability in features of the reference which are not relied upon, the…

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What constitutes ‘unexpected results’ in patent law?

‘Unexpected results’ in patent law refer to properties or outcomes of an invention that are surprising or unanticipated based on the prior art. The MPEP states: Any differences between the claimed invention and the prior art may be expected to result in some differences in properties. The issue is whether the properties differ to such…

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