How do transitional phrases affect the interpretation of Markush groups in patent claims?

How do transitional phrases affect the interpretation of Markush groups in patent claims? Transitional phrases can significantly impact the interpretation of Markush groups in patent claims: “Consisting of” with Markush groups: Limits the claim to only the listed members of the Markush group. “Comprising” or “including” with Markush groups: Generally interpreted as open-ended, allowing for…

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