How does the USPTO handle arguments about improper hindsight in obviousness rejections?

Applicants often argue that an examiner’s obviousness rejection is based on improper hindsight reasoning. MPEP 2145 addresses this issue: “Applicants may argue that the examiner’s conclusion of obviousness is based on improper hindsight reasoning. However, ‘[a]ny judgment on obviousness is in a sense necessarily a reconstruction based on hindsight reasoning, but so long as it…

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