Patent Law FAQ
This FAQ answers all your questions about patent law, patent procedure, and the patent examination process.
MPEP 2100 – Patentability (8)
Mathematical concepts are one of the three main categories of abstract ideas identified in the MPEP. The MPEP states:
“The mathematical concepts grouping is defined as mathematical relationships, mathematical formulas or equations, and mathematical calculations.“
When evaluating whether a claim recites a mathematical concept, examiners consider the following:
- Does the claim recite a mathematical relationship, formula, equation, or calculation?
- Is the mathematical concept merely based on or involves a mathematical concept?
The MPEP clarifies: “A claim does not recite a mathematical concept (i.e., the claim limitations do not fall within the mathematical concept grouping), if it is only based on or involves a mathematical concept.“
Examples of mathematical concepts considered abstract ideas include:
- A formula for computing an alarm limit (Parker v. Flook)
- A method of hedging risk (Bilski v. Kappos)
- An algorithm for converting binary-coded decimal numerals into pure binary form (Gottschalk v. Benson)
It’s important to note that a claim is not automatically ineligible just because it involves a mathematical concept. The claim as a whole must be evaluated to determine if it integrates the mathematical concept into a practical application or provides an inventive concept.
To learn more:
The Alice/Mayo test, also known as the Mayo test, is a two-part framework established by the Supreme Court for determining patent subject matter eligibility. According to the MPEP:
“The first part of the Mayo test is to determine whether the claims are directed to an abstract idea, a law of nature or a natural phenomenon (i.e., a judicial exception). … If the claims are directed to a judicial exception, the second part of the Mayo test is to determine whether the claim recites additional elements that amount to significantly more than the judicial exception.”
This test helps examiners and courts evaluate whether a claimed invention is directed to a judicial exception and, if so, whether it includes additional elements that transform it into patent-eligible subject matter.
To learn more:
Improvements to computer functionality can be a key factor in establishing patent eligibility. According to MPEP 2106.05(a):
“If it is asserted that the invention improves upon conventional functioning of a computer, or upon conventional technology or technological processes, a technical explanation as to how to implement the invention should be present in the specification.”
The MPEP cites several examples of improvements to computer functionality that courts have found to be patent-eligible:
- A modification of conventional Internet hyperlink protocol to dynamically produce a dual-source hybrid webpage (DDR Holdings)
- A specific improvement to the way computers operate (Enfish)
- A particular method of incorporating virus screening into the Internet (Symantec Corp)
However, the MPEP also notes that “the mere fact that a computer may be able to perform the claimed steps more efficiently does not necessarily render an abstract idea less abstract.”
The key is that the improvement must be to the functioning of a computer or other technology, not just an improvement to an abstract idea implemented on a computer.
To learn more:
The “particular machine” consideration plays a significant role in the overall patent eligibility analysis, particularly in the context of the Alice/Mayo test. Here’s how it fits into the broader analysis:
- It’s part of Step 2A Prong Two and Step 2B of the Alice/Mayo test.
- In Step 2A Prong Two, it can help determine if the abstract idea is integrated into a practical application.
- In Step 2B, it can contribute to the “significantly more” analysis.
- A particular machine can potentially transform an abstract idea into patent-eligible subject matter.
MPEP 2106.05(b) states: “The particularity or generality of the elements of the machine or apparatus, i.e., the degree to which the machine in the claim can be specifically identified (not any and all machines) is a factor in considering whether it is a ‘particular machine.’”
The MPEP further clarifies: “Whether its involvement is extra-solution activity or a field-of-use, i.e., the extent to which (or how) the machine or apparatus imposes meaningful limits on the claim. Use of a machine that contributes only nominally or insignificantly to the execution of the claimed method (e.g., in a data gathering step or in a field-of-use limitation) would not integrate a judicial exception or provide significantly more.”
To learn more:
According to MPEP 2106.05(c), a transformation under the particular transformation consideration involves changing an “article” to a different state or thing. The MPEP provides the following guidance:
- Article: “An ‘article’ includes a physical object or substance.”
- Particularity: “The physical object or substance must be particular, meaning it can be specifically identified.”
- Change: “‘Transformation’ of an article means that the ‘article’ has changed to a different state or thing. Changing to a different state or thing usually means more than simply using an article or changing the location of an article.”
The MPEP also notes: A new or different function or use can be evidence that an article has been transformed.
It’s important to note that purely mental processes or data manipulation are generally not considered eligible transformations: Purely mental processes in which thoughts or human based actions are “changed” are not considered an eligible transformation. For data, mere “manipulation of basic mathematical constructs [i.e.,] the paradigmatic ‘abstract idea,’” has not been deemed a transformation.
To learn more:
Yes, a non-profit sale can trigger the on-sale bar under 35 U.S.C. 102(b). The MPEP clearly states:
A “sale” need not be for profit to bar a patent. If the sale was for the commercial exploitation of the invention, it is “on sale” within the meaning of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b).
(MPEP 2133.03(b))
This interpretation is supported by case law, specifically In re Dybel. The key factor is not whether a profit was realized, but whether the sale was for commercial exploitation of the invention. Even if no profit is made, if the sale was intended to commercially exploit the invention, it can still trigger the on-sale bar.
To learn more:
The use of a computer in a claim does not automatically disqualify it from being considered a mental process. The MPEP provides guidance on how to evaluate such claims:
“Claims can recite a mental process even if they are claimed as being performed on a computer. The Supreme Court recognized this in Benson, determining that a mathematical algorithm for converting binary coded decimal to pure binary within a computer’s shift register was an abstract idea.”
When evaluating computer-implemented claims, examiners consider whether the claim:
- Recites a mental process performed on a generic computer
- Recites a mental process performed in a computer environment
- Uses a computer as a tool to perform a mental process
The MPEP provides examples for each scenario, such as:
- Collecting information, analyzing it, and displaying results (Electric Power Group v. Alstom)
- Claiming a process of translating a functional description of a logic circuit into a hardware component description (Synopsys v. Mentor Graphics)
The key is to determine whether the claim is directed to an improvement in computer functionality or merely uses the computer as a tool to perform a process that could be done mentally. The mere recitation of computer implementation is not enough to transform a mental process into a patent-eligible invention.
To learn more:
The MPEP provides several examples of concepts and products that courts have identified as laws of nature or natural phenomena, which are not patentable. Some of these include:
- Isolated DNA
- Cloned farm animals
- Correlations between DNA variations and allele presence
- Metabolic correlations in the body
- Mathematical formulas (e.g., E=mc²)
- Electromagnetic signals
- Qualities of bacteria
- Single-stranded DNA fragments (primers)
- Chemical principles
- Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood
The MPEP Section 2106.04(b) states: “[A] new mineral discovered in the earth or a new plant found in the wild is not patentable subject matter under Section 101. Likewise, Einstein could not patent his celebrated law that E=mc²; nor could Newton have patented the law of gravity.”
These examples illustrate that naturally occurring phenomena and fundamental scientific principles are generally not eligible for patent protection.
To learn more:
MPEP 2106 – Patent Subject Matter Eligibility (1)
The Alice/Mayo test, also known as the Mayo test, is a two-part framework established by the Supreme Court for determining patent subject matter eligibility. According to the MPEP:
“The first part of the Mayo test is to determine whether the claims are directed to an abstract idea, a law of nature or a natural phenomenon (i.e., a judicial exception). … If the claims are directed to a judicial exception, the second part of the Mayo test is to determine whether the claim recites additional elements that amount to significantly more than the judicial exception.”
This test helps examiners and courts evaluate whether a claimed invention is directed to a judicial exception and, if so, whether it includes additional elements that transform it into patent-eligible subject matter.
To learn more:
MPEP 2106.04(A) – Abstract Ideas (2)
Mathematical concepts are one of the three main categories of abstract ideas identified in the MPEP. The MPEP states:
“The mathematical concepts grouping is defined as mathematical relationships, mathematical formulas or equations, and mathematical calculations.“
When evaluating whether a claim recites a mathematical concept, examiners consider the following:
- Does the claim recite a mathematical relationship, formula, equation, or calculation?
- Is the mathematical concept merely based on or involves a mathematical concept?
The MPEP clarifies: “A claim does not recite a mathematical concept (i.e., the claim limitations do not fall within the mathematical concept grouping), if it is only based on or involves a mathematical concept.“
Examples of mathematical concepts considered abstract ideas include:
- A formula for computing an alarm limit (Parker v. Flook)
- A method of hedging risk (Bilski v. Kappos)
- An algorithm for converting binary-coded decimal numerals into pure binary form (Gottschalk v. Benson)
It’s important to note that a claim is not automatically ineligible just because it involves a mathematical concept. The claim as a whole must be evaluated to determine if it integrates the mathematical concept into a practical application or provides an inventive concept.
To learn more:
The use of a computer in a claim does not automatically disqualify it from being considered a mental process. The MPEP provides guidance on how to evaluate such claims:
“Claims can recite a mental process even if they are claimed as being performed on a computer. The Supreme Court recognized this in Benson, determining that a mathematical algorithm for converting binary coded decimal to pure binary within a computer’s shift register was an abstract idea.”
When evaluating computer-implemented claims, examiners consider whether the claim:
- Recites a mental process performed on a generic computer
- Recites a mental process performed in a computer environment
- Uses a computer as a tool to perform a mental process
The MPEP provides examples for each scenario, such as:
- Collecting information, analyzing it, and displaying results (Electric Power Group v. Alstom)
- Claiming a process of translating a functional description of a logic circuit into a hardware component description (Synopsys v. Mentor Graphics)
The key is to determine whether the claim is directed to an improvement in computer functionality or merely uses the computer as a tool to perform a process that could be done mentally. The mere recitation of computer implementation is not enough to transform a mental process into a patent-eligible invention.
To learn more:
MPEP 2106.04(B) – Laws Of Nature (1)
The MPEP provides several examples of concepts and products that courts have identified as laws of nature or natural phenomena, which are not patentable. Some of these include:
- Isolated DNA
- Cloned farm animals
- Correlations between DNA variations and allele presence
- Metabolic correlations in the body
- Mathematical formulas (e.g., E=mc²)
- Electromagnetic signals
- Qualities of bacteria
- Single-stranded DNA fragments (primers)
- Chemical principles
- Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood
The MPEP Section 2106.04(b) states: “[A] new mineral discovered in the earth or a new plant found in the wild is not patentable subject matter under Section 101. Likewise, Einstein could not patent his celebrated law that E=mc²; nor could Newton have patented the law of gravity.”
These examples illustrate that naturally occurring phenomena and fundamental scientific principles are generally not eligible for patent protection.
To learn more:
MPEP 2106.05 – Eligibility Step 2B: Whether A Claim Amounts To Significantly More (1)
Improvements to computer functionality can be a key factor in establishing patent eligibility. According to MPEP 2106.05(a):
“If it is asserted that the invention improves upon conventional functioning of a computer, or upon conventional technology or technological processes, a technical explanation as to how to implement the invention should be present in the specification.”
The MPEP cites several examples of improvements to computer functionality that courts have found to be patent-eligible:
- A modification of conventional Internet hyperlink protocol to dynamically produce a dual-source hybrid webpage (DDR Holdings)
- A specific improvement to the way computers operate (Enfish)
- A particular method of incorporating virus screening into the Internet (Symantec Corp)
However, the MPEP also notes that “the mere fact that a computer may be able to perform the claimed steps more efficiently does not necessarily render an abstract idea less abstract.”
The key is that the improvement must be to the functioning of a computer or other technology, not just an improvement to an abstract idea implemented on a computer.
To learn more:
MPEP 2106.05(B) – Particular Machine (1)
The “particular machine” consideration plays a significant role in the overall patent eligibility analysis, particularly in the context of the Alice/Mayo test. Here’s how it fits into the broader analysis:
- It’s part of Step 2A Prong Two and Step 2B of the Alice/Mayo test.
- In Step 2A Prong Two, it can help determine if the abstract idea is integrated into a practical application.
- In Step 2B, it can contribute to the “significantly more” analysis.
- A particular machine can potentially transform an abstract idea into patent-eligible subject matter.
MPEP 2106.05(b) states: “The particularity or generality of the elements of the machine or apparatus, i.e., the degree to which the machine in the claim can be specifically identified (not any and all machines) is a factor in considering whether it is a ‘particular machine.’”
The MPEP further clarifies: “Whether its involvement is extra-solution activity or a field-of-use, i.e., the extent to which (or how) the machine or apparatus imposes meaningful limits on the claim. Use of a machine that contributes only nominally or insignificantly to the execution of the claimed method (e.g., in a data gathering step or in a field-of-use limitation) would not integrate a judicial exception or provide significantly more.”
To learn more:
MPEP 2106.05(C) – Particular Transformation (1)
According to MPEP 2106.05(c), a transformation under the particular transformation consideration involves changing an “article” to a different state or thing. The MPEP provides the following guidance:
- Article: “An ‘article’ includes a physical object or substance.”
- Particularity: “The physical object or substance must be particular, meaning it can be specifically identified.”
- Change: “‘Transformation’ of an article means that the ‘article’ has changed to a different state or thing. Changing to a different state or thing usually means more than simply using an article or changing the location of an article.”
The MPEP also notes: A new or different function or use can be evidence that an article has been transformed.
It’s important to note that purely mental processes or data manipulation are generally not considered eligible transformations: Purely mental processes in which thoughts or human based actions are “changed” are not considered an eligible transformation. For data, mere “manipulation of basic mathematical constructs [i.e.,] the paradigmatic ‘abstract idea,’” has not been deemed a transformation.
To learn more:
MPEP 2133.03(B) – "On Sale" (1)
Yes, a non-profit sale can trigger the on-sale bar under 35 U.S.C. 102(b). The MPEP clearly states:
A “sale” need not be for profit to bar a patent. If the sale was for the commercial exploitation of the invention, it is “on sale” within the meaning of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b).
(MPEP 2133.03(b))
This interpretation is supported by case law, specifically In re Dybel. The key factor is not whether a profit was realized, but whether the sale was for commercial exploitation of the invention. Even if no profit is made, if the sale was intended to commercially exploit the invention, it can still trigger the on-sale bar.
To learn more:
MPEP 2900 – International Design Applications (1)
The concept of a “real and effective industrial or commercial establishment” is mentioned in MPEP 2904 as one of the criteria for eligibility to file an international design application. The MPEP states:
“Any person that … has a real and effective industrial or commercial establishment in the territory of a Contracting Party, shall be entitled to file an international application.”
While the MPEP doesn’t provide a specific definition, this generally refers to a genuine and active business presence in a Contracting Party’s territory. Factors that might be considered include:
- Physical business location
- Ongoing business activities
- Employees or staff
- Commercial transactions
- Manufacturing or production facilities
It’s important to note that this is distinct from a mere postal address or nominal office. The establishment should demonstrate a real connection to the Contracting Party’s territory.
To learn more:
MPEP 2904 – Who May File An International Design Application (1)
The concept of a “real and effective industrial or commercial establishment” is mentioned in MPEP 2904 as one of the criteria for eligibility to file an international design application. The MPEP states:
“Any person that … has a real and effective industrial or commercial establishment in the territory of a Contracting Party, shall be entitled to file an international application.”
While the MPEP doesn’t provide a specific definition, this generally refers to a genuine and active business presence in a Contracting Party’s territory. Factors that might be considered include:
- Physical business location
- Ongoing business activities
- Employees or staff
- Commercial transactions
- Manufacturing or production facilities
It’s important to note that this is distinct from a mere postal address or nominal office. The establishment should demonstrate a real connection to the Contracting Party’s territory.
To learn more:
Patent Law (9)
Mathematical concepts are one of the three main categories of abstract ideas identified in the MPEP. The MPEP states:
“The mathematical concepts grouping is defined as mathematical relationships, mathematical formulas or equations, and mathematical calculations.“
When evaluating whether a claim recites a mathematical concept, examiners consider the following:
- Does the claim recite a mathematical relationship, formula, equation, or calculation?
- Is the mathematical concept merely based on or involves a mathematical concept?
The MPEP clarifies: “A claim does not recite a mathematical concept (i.e., the claim limitations do not fall within the mathematical concept grouping), if it is only based on or involves a mathematical concept.“
Examples of mathematical concepts considered abstract ideas include:
- A formula for computing an alarm limit (Parker v. Flook)
- A method of hedging risk (Bilski v. Kappos)
- An algorithm for converting binary-coded decimal numerals into pure binary form (Gottschalk v. Benson)
It’s important to note that a claim is not automatically ineligible just because it involves a mathematical concept. The claim as a whole must be evaluated to determine if it integrates the mathematical concept into a practical application or provides an inventive concept.
To learn more:
The Alice/Mayo test, also known as the Mayo test, is a two-part framework established by the Supreme Court for determining patent subject matter eligibility. According to the MPEP:
“The first part of the Mayo test is to determine whether the claims are directed to an abstract idea, a law of nature or a natural phenomenon (i.e., a judicial exception). … If the claims are directed to a judicial exception, the second part of the Mayo test is to determine whether the claim recites additional elements that amount to significantly more than the judicial exception.”
This test helps examiners and courts evaluate whether a claimed invention is directed to a judicial exception and, if so, whether it includes additional elements that transform it into patent-eligible subject matter.
To learn more:
Improvements to computer functionality can be a key factor in establishing patent eligibility. According to MPEP 2106.05(a):
“If it is asserted that the invention improves upon conventional functioning of a computer, or upon conventional technology or technological processes, a technical explanation as to how to implement the invention should be present in the specification.”
The MPEP cites several examples of improvements to computer functionality that courts have found to be patent-eligible:
- A modification of conventional Internet hyperlink protocol to dynamically produce a dual-source hybrid webpage (DDR Holdings)
- A specific improvement to the way computers operate (Enfish)
- A particular method of incorporating virus screening into the Internet (Symantec Corp)
However, the MPEP also notes that “the mere fact that a computer may be able to perform the claimed steps more efficiently does not necessarily render an abstract idea less abstract.”
The key is that the improvement must be to the functioning of a computer or other technology, not just an improvement to an abstract idea implemented on a computer.
To learn more:
The “particular machine” consideration plays a significant role in the overall patent eligibility analysis, particularly in the context of the Alice/Mayo test. Here’s how it fits into the broader analysis:
- It’s part of Step 2A Prong Two and Step 2B of the Alice/Mayo test.
- In Step 2A Prong Two, it can help determine if the abstract idea is integrated into a practical application.
- In Step 2B, it can contribute to the “significantly more” analysis.
- A particular machine can potentially transform an abstract idea into patent-eligible subject matter.
MPEP 2106.05(b) states: “The particularity or generality of the elements of the machine or apparatus, i.e., the degree to which the machine in the claim can be specifically identified (not any and all machines) is a factor in considering whether it is a ‘particular machine.’”
The MPEP further clarifies: “Whether its involvement is extra-solution activity or a field-of-use, i.e., the extent to which (or how) the machine or apparatus imposes meaningful limits on the claim. Use of a machine that contributes only nominally or insignificantly to the execution of the claimed method (e.g., in a data gathering step or in a field-of-use limitation) would not integrate a judicial exception or provide significantly more.”
To learn more:
The concept of a “real and effective industrial or commercial establishment” is mentioned in MPEP 2904 as one of the criteria for eligibility to file an international design application. The MPEP states:
“Any person that … has a real and effective industrial or commercial establishment in the territory of a Contracting Party, shall be entitled to file an international application.”
While the MPEP doesn’t provide a specific definition, this generally refers to a genuine and active business presence in a Contracting Party’s territory. Factors that might be considered include:
- Physical business location
- Ongoing business activities
- Employees or staff
- Commercial transactions
- Manufacturing or production facilities
It’s important to note that this is distinct from a mere postal address or nominal office. The establishment should demonstrate a real connection to the Contracting Party’s territory.
To learn more:
According to MPEP 2106.05(c), a transformation under the particular transformation consideration involves changing an “article” to a different state or thing. The MPEP provides the following guidance:
- Article: “An ‘article’ includes a physical object or substance.”
- Particularity: “The physical object or substance must be particular, meaning it can be specifically identified.”
- Change: “‘Transformation’ of an article means that the ‘article’ has changed to a different state or thing. Changing to a different state or thing usually means more than simply using an article or changing the location of an article.”
The MPEP also notes: A new or different function or use can be evidence that an article has been transformed.
It’s important to note that purely mental processes or data manipulation are generally not considered eligible transformations: Purely mental processes in which thoughts or human based actions are “changed” are not considered an eligible transformation. For data, mere “manipulation of basic mathematical constructs [i.e.,] the paradigmatic ‘abstract idea,’” has not been deemed a transformation.
To learn more:
Yes, a non-profit sale can trigger the on-sale bar under 35 U.S.C. 102(b). The MPEP clearly states:
A “sale” need not be for profit to bar a patent. If the sale was for the commercial exploitation of the invention, it is “on sale” within the meaning of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b).
(MPEP 2133.03(b))
This interpretation is supported by case law, specifically In re Dybel. The key factor is not whether a profit was realized, but whether the sale was for commercial exploitation of the invention. Even if no profit is made, if the sale was intended to commercially exploit the invention, it can still trigger the on-sale bar.
To learn more:
The use of a computer in a claim does not automatically disqualify it from being considered a mental process. The MPEP provides guidance on how to evaluate such claims:
“Claims can recite a mental process even if they are claimed as being performed on a computer. The Supreme Court recognized this in Benson, determining that a mathematical algorithm for converting binary coded decimal to pure binary within a computer’s shift register was an abstract idea.”
When evaluating computer-implemented claims, examiners consider whether the claim:
- Recites a mental process performed on a generic computer
- Recites a mental process performed in a computer environment
- Uses a computer as a tool to perform a mental process
The MPEP provides examples for each scenario, such as:
- Collecting information, analyzing it, and displaying results (Electric Power Group v. Alstom)
- Claiming a process of translating a functional description of a logic circuit into a hardware component description (Synopsys v. Mentor Graphics)
The key is to determine whether the claim is directed to an improvement in computer functionality or merely uses the computer as a tool to perform a process that could be done mentally. The mere recitation of computer implementation is not enough to transform a mental process into a patent-eligible invention.
To learn more:
The MPEP provides several examples of concepts and products that courts have identified as laws of nature or natural phenomena, which are not patentable. Some of these include:
- Isolated DNA
- Cloned farm animals
- Correlations between DNA variations and allele presence
- Metabolic correlations in the body
- Mathematical formulas (e.g., E=mc²)
- Electromagnetic signals
- Qualities of bacteria
- Single-stranded DNA fragments (primers)
- Chemical principles
- Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood
The MPEP Section 2106.04(b) states: “[A] new mineral discovered in the earth or a new plant found in the wild is not patentable subject matter under Section 101. Likewise, Einstein could not patent his celebrated law that E=mc²; nor could Newton have patented the law of gravity.”
These examples illustrate that naturally occurring phenomena and fundamental scientific principles are generally not eligible for patent protection.
To learn more:
Patent Procedure (9)
Mathematical concepts are one of the three main categories of abstract ideas identified in the MPEP. The MPEP states:
“The mathematical concepts grouping is defined as mathematical relationships, mathematical formulas or equations, and mathematical calculations.“
When evaluating whether a claim recites a mathematical concept, examiners consider the following:
- Does the claim recite a mathematical relationship, formula, equation, or calculation?
- Is the mathematical concept merely based on or involves a mathematical concept?
The MPEP clarifies: “A claim does not recite a mathematical concept (i.e., the claim limitations do not fall within the mathematical concept grouping), if it is only based on or involves a mathematical concept.“
Examples of mathematical concepts considered abstract ideas include:
- A formula for computing an alarm limit (Parker v. Flook)
- A method of hedging risk (Bilski v. Kappos)
- An algorithm for converting binary-coded decimal numerals into pure binary form (Gottschalk v. Benson)
It’s important to note that a claim is not automatically ineligible just because it involves a mathematical concept. The claim as a whole must be evaluated to determine if it integrates the mathematical concept into a practical application or provides an inventive concept.
To learn more:
The Alice/Mayo test, also known as the Mayo test, is a two-part framework established by the Supreme Court for determining patent subject matter eligibility. According to the MPEP:
“The first part of the Mayo test is to determine whether the claims are directed to an abstract idea, a law of nature or a natural phenomenon (i.e., a judicial exception). … If the claims are directed to a judicial exception, the second part of the Mayo test is to determine whether the claim recites additional elements that amount to significantly more than the judicial exception.”
This test helps examiners and courts evaluate whether a claimed invention is directed to a judicial exception and, if so, whether it includes additional elements that transform it into patent-eligible subject matter.
To learn more:
Improvements to computer functionality can be a key factor in establishing patent eligibility. According to MPEP 2106.05(a):
“If it is asserted that the invention improves upon conventional functioning of a computer, or upon conventional technology or technological processes, a technical explanation as to how to implement the invention should be present in the specification.”
The MPEP cites several examples of improvements to computer functionality that courts have found to be patent-eligible:
- A modification of conventional Internet hyperlink protocol to dynamically produce a dual-source hybrid webpage (DDR Holdings)
- A specific improvement to the way computers operate (Enfish)
- A particular method of incorporating virus screening into the Internet (Symantec Corp)
However, the MPEP also notes that “the mere fact that a computer may be able to perform the claimed steps more efficiently does not necessarily render an abstract idea less abstract.”
The key is that the improvement must be to the functioning of a computer or other technology, not just an improvement to an abstract idea implemented on a computer.
To learn more:
The “particular machine” consideration plays a significant role in the overall patent eligibility analysis, particularly in the context of the Alice/Mayo test. Here’s how it fits into the broader analysis:
- It’s part of Step 2A Prong Two and Step 2B of the Alice/Mayo test.
- In Step 2A Prong Two, it can help determine if the abstract idea is integrated into a practical application.
- In Step 2B, it can contribute to the “significantly more” analysis.
- A particular machine can potentially transform an abstract idea into patent-eligible subject matter.
MPEP 2106.05(b) states: “The particularity or generality of the elements of the machine or apparatus, i.e., the degree to which the machine in the claim can be specifically identified (not any and all machines) is a factor in considering whether it is a ‘particular machine.’”
The MPEP further clarifies: “Whether its involvement is extra-solution activity or a field-of-use, i.e., the extent to which (or how) the machine or apparatus imposes meaningful limits on the claim. Use of a machine that contributes only nominally or insignificantly to the execution of the claimed method (e.g., in a data gathering step or in a field-of-use limitation) would not integrate a judicial exception or provide significantly more.”
To learn more:
The concept of a “real and effective industrial or commercial establishment” is mentioned in MPEP 2904 as one of the criteria for eligibility to file an international design application. The MPEP states:
“Any person that … has a real and effective industrial or commercial establishment in the territory of a Contracting Party, shall be entitled to file an international application.”
While the MPEP doesn’t provide a specific definition, this generally refers to a genuine and active business presence in a Contracting Party’s territory. Factors that might be considered include:
- Physical business location
- Ongoing business activities
- Employees or staff
- Commercial transactions
- Manufacturing or production facilities
It’s important to note that this is distinct from a mere postal address or nominal office. The establishment should demonstrate a real connection to the Contracting Party’s territory.
To learn more:
According to MPEP 2106.05(c), a transformation under the particular transformation consideration involves changing an “article” to a different state or thing. The MPEP provides the following guidance:
- Article: “An ‘article’ includes a physical object or substance.”
- Particularity: “The physical object or substance must be particular, meaning it can be specifically identified.”
- Change: “‘Transformation’ of an article means that the ‘article’ has changed to a different state or thing. Changing to a different state or thing usually means more than simply using an article or changing the location of an article.”
The MPEP also notes: A new or different function or use can be evidence that an article has been transformed.
It’s important to note that purely mental processes or data manipulation are generally not considered eligible transformations: Purely mental processes in which thoughts or human based actions are “changed” are not considered an eligible transformation. For data, mere “manipulation of basic mathematical constructs [i.e.,] the paradigmatic ‘abstract idea,’” has not been deemed a transformation.
To learn more:
Yes, a non-profit sale can trigger the on-sale bar under 35 U.S.C. 102(b). The MPEP clearly states:
A “sale” need not be for profit to bar a patent. If the sale was for the commercial exploitation of the invention, it is “on sale” within the meaning of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b).
(MPEP 2133.03(b))
This interpretation is supported by case law, specifically In re Dybel. The key factor is not whether a profit was realized, but whether the sale was for commercial exploitation of the invention. Even if no profit is made, if the sale was intended to commercially exploit the invention, it can still trigger the on-sale bar.
To learn more:
The use of a computer in a claim does not automatically disqualify it from being considered a mental process. The MPEP provides guidance on how to evaluate such claims:
“Claims can recite a mental process even if they are claimed as being performed on a computer. The Supreme Court recognized this in Benson, determining that a mathematical algorithm for converting binary coded decimal to pure binary within a computer’s shift register was an abstract idea.”
When evaluating computer-implemented claims, examiners consider whether the claim:
- Recites a mental process performed on a generic computer
- Recites a mental process performed in a computer environment
- Uses a computer as a tool to perform a mental process
The MPEP provides examples for each scenario, such as:
- Collecting information, analyzing it, and displaying results (Electric Power Group v. Alstom)
- Claiming a process of translating a functional description of a logic circuit into a hardware component description (Synopsys v. Mentor Graphics)
The key is to determine whether the claim is directed to an improvement in computer functionality or merely uses the computer as a tool to perform a process that could be done mentally. The mere recitation of computer implementation is not enough to transform a mental process into a patent-eligible invention.
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The MPEP provides several examples of concepts and products that courts have identified as laws of nature or natural phenomena, which are not patentable. Some of these include:
- Isolated DNA
- Cloned farm animals
- Correlations between DNA variations and allele presence
- Metabolic correlations in the body
- Mathematical formulas (e.g., E=mc²)
- Electromagnetic signals
- Qualities of bacteria
- Single-stranded DNA fragments (primers)
- Chemical principles
- Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood
The MPEP Section 2106.04(b) states: “[A] new mineral discovered in the earth or a new plant found in the wild is not patentable subject matter under Section 101. Likewise, Einstein could not patent his celebrated law that E=mc²; nor could Newton have patented the law of gravity.”
These examples illustrate that naturally occurring phenomena and fundamental scientific principles are generally not eligible for patent protection.
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