Can a secret patent be used as prior art under 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or (b)?
No, a secret patent cannot be used as prior art under 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or (b). The MPEP 2126 states: “Even if a patent grants an exclusionary right (is enforceable), it is not available as prior art under 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or (b) if it…
Read MoreWhen does a patent become prior art under AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a)(1)?
Under AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a)(1), a patent generally becomes prior art on its grant date. The MPEP states: “The effective date of the patent for purposes of determining whether the patent qualifies as prior art under AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a)(1) is the grant date of the patent.” However, there’s an exception for secret patents: “There…
Read MoreHow does the In re Ekenstam case affect the availability of secret patents as references?
The In re Ekenstam case establishes an important exception to the general rule regarding the availability of foreign patents as references. MPEP 2126.01 mentions this case: “In re Ekenstam, 256 F.2d 321, 118 USPQ 349 (CCPA 1958).” (MPEP 2126.01) This case recognized that when a patent is kept secret even after rights are formally awarded,…
Read MoreWhat is the exception to the general rule for foreign patent reference dates?
While the general rule is that a foreign patent becomes available as a reference on the date it becomes enforceable, there is an important exception. The MPEP states: “There is an exception to this rule when the patent is secret as of the date the rights are awarded.” (MPEP 2126.01) This exception, based on the…
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