MPEP § 1901 — Protest Under 37 CFR 1.291 (Annotated Rules)

§1901 Protest Under 37 CFR 1.291

USPTO MPEP version: BlueIron's Update: 2025-12-31

This page consolidates and annotates all enforceable requirements under MPEP § 1901, including statutory authority, regulatory rules, examiner guidance, and practice notes. It is provided as guidance, with links to the ground truth sources. This is information only, it is not legal advice.

Protest Under 37 CFR 1.291

This section addresses Protest Under 37 CFR 1.291. Primary authority: 35 U.S.C. 122(c), 35 U.S.C. 122(e), and 37 CFR 1.291. Contains: 7 requirements, 2 prohibitions, 2 guidance statements, 1 permission, and 10 other statements.

Key Rules

Topic

Protest Practice

9 rules
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-1901-8f8421e726acd344886eb4a4]
First Protest Must Include Statement or Comply with Paragraph (c)(5)
Note:
A protest must include a statement that it is the first submitted by the real party in interest, or it must comply with paragraph (c)(5) of this section.

(b) The protest will be entered into the record of the application if, in addition to complying with paragraph (c) of this section, the protest has been served upon the applicant in accordance with § 1.248, or filed with the Office in duplicate in the event service is not possible; and, except for paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the protest was filed prior to the date the application was published under § 1.211, or the date a notice of allowance under § 1.311 was given or mailed, whichever occurs first:

(2) A statement must accompany a protest that it is the first protest submitted in the application by the real party in interest who is submitting the protest; or the protest must comply with paragraph (c)(5) of this section.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.248Protest PracticeProtest Filing RequirementsProtest with Applicant Consent
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-1901-1196867feb5f301ccffcddfa]
Protest Must Include Specific Information and Documents
Note:
A protest must include an information list of documents, a concise explanation for each item, legible copies (except patents), translations for non-English items, and an explanation for subsequent protests.
(c) In addition to compliance with paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, a protest must include:
  • (1) An information list of the documents, portions of documents, or other information being submitted, where each:
    • (i) U.S. patent is identified by patent number, first named inventor, and issue date;
    • (ii) U.S. patent application publication is identified by patent application publication number, first named inventor, and publication date;
    • (iii) Foreign patent or published foreign patent application is identified by the country or patent office that issued the patent or published the application; an appropriate document number; the applicant, patentee, or first named inventor; and the publication date indicated on the patent or published application;
    • (iv) Non-patent publication is identified by author (if any), title, pages being submitted, publication date, and, where available, publisher and place of publication; and
    • (v) Item of other information is identified by date, if known;
  • (2) A concise explanation of the relevance of each item identified in the information list pursuant to paragraph (c)(1) of this section;
  • (3) A legible copy of each item identified in the information list, other than U.S. patents and U.S. patent application publications;
  • (4) An English language translation of any non-English language item identified in the information list; and
  • (5) If it is a second or subsequent protest by the same party in interest, an explanation as to why the issue(s) raised in the second or subsequent protest are significantly different than those raised earlier and why the significantly different issue(s) were not presented earlier, and a processing fee under § 1.17(i) must be submitted.
Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291Protest PracticeProtest Filing RequirementsPrior Art Submissions in Protests
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1901-8aac495600dca2919b621804]
No Office Communication After Protest Filing
Note:
A member of the public filing a protest will not receive any communication from the Office regarding the protest, except for an acknowledgment upon submission.

(d) A member of the public filing a protest in an application under this section will not receive any communication from the Office relating to the protest, other than the return of a self-addressed postcard which the member of the public may include with the protest in order to receive an acknowledgement by the Office that the protest has been received. The limited involvement of the member of the public filing a protest pursuant to this section ends with the filing of the protest, and no further submission on behalf of the protestor will be considered, unless the submission is made pursuant to paragraph (c)(5) of this section.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291Protest PracticeProtest Filing Requirements
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-dad2b0a6c64ab515af25a653]
No Further Submissions After Protest Filing
Note:
A member of the public filing a protest cannot submit further information after the initial filing unless specified in paragraph (c)(5).

(d) A member of the public filing a protest in an application under this section will not receive any communication from the Office relating to the protest, other than the return of a self-addressed postcard which the member of the public may include with the protest in order to receive an acknowledgement by the Office that the protest has been received. The limited involvement of the member of the public filing a protest pursuant to this section ends with the filing of the protest, and no further submission on behalf of the protestor will be considered, unless the submission is made pursuant to paragraph (c)(5) of this section.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291Protest PracticeProtest Filing Requirements
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1901-d5584789fc0016fafcfdeeea]
Protest Must Be Filed Within 2 Months of Official Gazette Announcement
Note:
A protest regarding a reissue application must be filed within 2 months after its announcement in the Official Gazette.

It is noted that a protest filed in a reissue application is not a "form of preissuance opposition to the grant of a patent" since the patent to be reissued has already been granted. Thus, a protest may be filed in a reissue application throughout the pendency of the reissue application prior to the date a notice of allowance is given or mailed subject to the timing constraints of the examination. A protest with regard to a reissue application should, however, be filed within the 2-month period following the announcement of the filing of the reissue application in the Official Gazette. See MPEP § 1441.01 for guidance as to the filing of a protest in a reissue application.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.248Protest PracticeService of ProtestNotice of Allowance Form and Content
StatutoryProhibitedAlways
[mpep-1901-4b8dbbc569925a7fc294b32c]
Protest Not Allowed In Provisional Application
Note:
A protest cannot be filed in a provisional application because it is not examined.

A protest may not be filed in a provisional application because provisional applications are not examined. A protest filed in a provisional application will not be entered and will be discarded pursuant to 37 CFR 1.291(g).

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(g)Protest PracticeService of ProtestProtest Filing Requirements
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-faf33f69b0ac307632b5aae7]
First Protest by Real Party In Interest Not Subject to Item E
Note:
This rule states that if a protest is the first submitted in an application by the real party in interest, it is not subject to item (E) above.

Note that item (E) above does not apply if the protest is accompanied by a statement that it is the first protest submitted in the application by the real party in interest, or if the protest is the first protest ever to be filed in the application. 37 CFR 1.291(b)(2).

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(b)(2)Protest PracticeService of ProtestProtest Filing Requirements
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-03c46c3764a3b1122befa70f]
Protest Not Matched Due to Lack of Information Will Be Discarded
Note:
If a protest cannot be matched with the intended application due to insufficient information, it will not be considered and will be discarded if return is impractical.

A party obtaining knowledge of an application pending in the Office may file a protest against the application and may therein call attention to any facts within protestor’s knowledge which, in the protestor’s opinion, would make the grant of a patent on the application improper. The party should include with the protest whatever information the party is aware of that would facilitate identification of the application and matching the protest with the application. Where the protest specifically identifies the application, and is otherwise compliant, the protest will be considered by the Office if it is matched with the application in time to permit review by the examiner during prosecution. If there is insufficient information to identify the application, the protest may not be matched at all or not timely matched with the intended application to permit review by the examiner during prosecution of the application, in which case, the protest may not be entered and may be returned to the protestor where practical. If return is not practical, the protest will be discarded. 37 CFR 1.291(a). See MPEP § 1901.03.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(a)Protest PracticeService of ProtestPrior Art Submissions in Protests
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-ebcad1e650cc0c2efc3fbc59]
Self-Addressed Postcard Required for Protest
Note:
The USPTO requires a self-addressed postcard with any protest in an original or reissue application file.

A protestor does not, by the mere filing of a protest, obtain the “right” to argue the protest before the Office. Active participation by a protestor ends with the filing of the protest, and no further submission on behalf of the protestor will be considered, unless the submission is made pursuant to 37 CFR 1.291(c)(5). See 37 CFR 1.291(d). The USPTO will acknowledge the receipt of a protest in an original or a reissue application file, only if a self-addressed postcard is included with the protest (see MPEP § 1901.05). The question of whether or not a patent will issue is a matter between the applicant and the Office acting on behalf of the public.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(c)(5)Protest PracticeService of ProtestProtest with Applicant Consent
Topic

Protest Filing Requirements

7 rules
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-1901-b975f7b17a324cfe88cdfeef]
First Protest Not Required to Include Statement
Note:
A statement that it is the first protest submitted in an application is not required for the first protest filed.

(b) The protest will be entered into the record of the application if, in addition to complying with paragraph (c) of this section, the protest has been served upon the applicant in accordance with § 1.248, or filed with the Office in duplicate in the event service is not possible; and, except for paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the protest was filed prior to the date the application was published under § 1.211, or the date a notice of allowance under § 1.311 was given or mailed, whichever occurs first:

This section does not apply to the first protest filed in an application.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.248Protest Filing RequirementsProtest PracticeProtest with Applicant Consent
StatutoryProhibitedAlways
[mpep-1901-7db58e3b171bd0f8cd9569f7]
Protests Must Comply With Requirements
Note:
Protests that do not meet the filing requirements specified in paragraphs (b) and (c) cannot be entered and will either be returned to the protestor or discarded at the Office's discretion.

(g) Protests that fail to comply with paragraphs (b) or (c) of this section may not be entered, and if not entered, will be returned to the protestor, or discarded, at the option of the Office.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291Protest Filing RequirementsProtest Practice
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-d43e8d98f4586c5576ca8071]
Protest Not Allowed In Provisional Applications
Note:
A protest cannot be filed in a provisional application as they are not examined, and any such protest will be discarded.

A protest may not be filed in a provisional application because provisional applications are not examined. A protest filed in a provisional application will not be entered and will be discarded pursuant to 37 CFR 1.291(g).

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(g)Protest Filing RequirementsProtest PracticeService of Protest
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-1901-c1a85d8c016b373dc32908b7]
Protest Must Include Detailed Information List and Supporting Documents
Note:
The protest must include a detailed list of documents, their identification details, explanations of relevance, copies (except for U.S. patents and publications), translations if necessary, and additional explanations for subsequent protests.
37 CFR 1.291(c) requires that the protest must include:
  • (A) An information list of the documents, portions of documents, or other information being submitted, where each:
    • (1) U.S. patent is identified by patent number, first named inventor, and issue date;
    • (2) U.S. patent application publication is identified by patent application publication number, first named inventor, and publication date;
    • (3) Foreign patent or published foreign patent application is identified by the country or patent office that issued the patent or published the application; an appropriate document number; the applicant, patentee, or first named inventor; and the publication date indicated on the patent or published application;
    • (4) Non-patent publication is identified by author (if any), title, pages being submitted, publication date, and, where available, publisher and place of publication; and
    • (5) Item of other information is identified by date, if known.
  • (B) A concise explanation of the relevance of each item identified in the information list;
  • (C) A legible copy of each item identified in the information list, other than U.S. patents and U.S. patent application publications;
  • (D) An English language translation of any non-English language item identified in the information list; and
  • (E) If the protest is a second or subsequent protest by the same real party in interest, the protest must further include:
    • (1) an explanation as to why the issue(s) being raised in the second or subsequent protest are significantly different than those raised earlier;
    • (2) an explanation as to why the significantly different issue(s) were not presented to the Office earlier; and
    • (3) the processing fee under 37 CFR 1.17(i).
Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(c)Protest Filing RequirementsProtest PracticeService of Protest
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-e111cbcbc2b2da7354992ec8]
First Protest Requirement
Note:
A protest must be the first one submitted by the real party in interest, unless accompanied by a statement declaring it to be such.

Note that item (E) above does not apply if the protest is accompanied by a statement that it is the first protest submitted in the application by the real party in interest, or if the protest is the first protest ever to be filed in the application. 37 CFR 1.291(b)(2).

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(b)(2)Protest Filing RequirementsProtest PracticeService of Protest
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-63b5c981a91b2b8334284d88]
Protest Filing Requirements for Patent Applications
Note:
A party may file a protest against an application pending in the Office, identifying any facts that would make patent grant improper, and providing information to match the protest with the application.

A party obtaining knowledge of an application pending in the Office may file a protest against the application and may therein call attention to any facts within protestor’s knowledge which, in the protestor’s opinion, would make the grant of a patent on the application improper. The party should include with the protest whatever information the party is aware of that would facilitate identification of the application and matching the protest with the application. Where the protest specifically identifies the application, and is otherwise compliant, the protest will be considered by the Office if it is matched with the application in time to permit review by the examiner during prosecution. If there is insufficient information to identify the application, the protest may not be matched at all or not timely matched with the intended application to permit review by the examiner during prosecution of the application, in which case, the protest may not be entered and may be returned to the protestor where practical. If return is not practical, the protest will be discarded. 37 CFR 1.291(a). See MPEP § 1901.03.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(a)Protest Filing RequirementsProtest PracticeService of Protest
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-0ca4c9d17bb02e51acbecd73]
Protestor Must Not Submit Further After Filing
Note:
A protestor may not submit further after filing the protest, except under specific conditions outlined in 37 CFR 1.291(c)(5).

A protestor does not, by the mere filing of a protest, obtain the “right” to argue the protest before the Office. Active participation by a protestor ends with the filing of the protest, and no further submission on behalf of the protestor will be considered, unless the submission is made pursuant to 37 CFR 1.291(c)(5). See 37 CFR 1.291(d). The USPTO will acknowledge the receipt of a protest in an original or a reissue application file, only if a self-addressed postcard is included with the protest (see MPEP § 1901.05). The question of whether or not a patent will issue is a matter between the applicant and the Office acting on behalf of the public.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(c)(5)Protest Filing RequirementsProtest PracticeService of Protest
Topic
6 rules
Topic

Protest Content and Evidence

6 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-9a787c9b43e41db8262b69c8]
Written Protest Required Before Publication
Note:
A written protest must be submitted before the publication of an application to avoid invalid patents, unless accompanied by applicant’s consent.

37 CFR 1.291 gives recognition to the value of written protests in bringing information to the attention of the Office and in avoiding the issuance of invalid patents. With the exception of a protest accompanied by a written consent of the applicant, all protests must be submitted prior to the publication of the application or the date a notice of allowance is given or mailed, whichever occurs first. No protest or "other form of preissuance opposition to the grant of a patent" may be initiated after publication of the application without the applicant’s express written consent as specified by 35 U.S.C. 122(c). Even if applicant’s express written consent is given, the protest must be filed prior to the date a notice of allowance is given or mailed. Third parties wishing to submit information in the form of patents and printed publications after publication of the application might consider whether a third-party submission under 35 U.S.C. 122(e) would be appropriate. See MPEP § 1134.01.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291Protest Content and EvidenceProtest Filing RequirementsProtest Practice
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1901-f6159e8e2d92f6f5189e577d]
Protestor May Provide Journal Title and Volume/Issue Info for Articles
Note:
A protestor is permitted to include additional information not specified in the evidence, such as the journal title and volume/issue details for a journal article.

As to item (A) above, 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iii) provides flexibility in permitting identification of foreign patents and published foreign patent applications by the applicant, patentee or first named inventor. Likewise, 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iv) only requires identification of the author, publisher, and place of publication of a non-patent publication if that information is available. It is noted that 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iv) does not preclude a protestor from providing additional information that is not specified. For example, a protestor may provide a journal title and volume/issue information for a journal article. 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(v) provides for the submission of information other than patents and publications, including any facts or information adverse to patentability, and requires that each item of “other information” be identified by date, if known. For example, if a publication date for a document is not known and the document is not being relied upon as a publication, the protestor may list such document as an item of other information under 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(v).

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iii)Protest Content and EvidenceService of ProtestPrior Art Submissions in Protests
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-2766afefb5726745394fde00]
Submission of Other Information Including Adverse Facts Required
Note:
Protestors must submit other information, including facts adverse to patentability, and identify each item by date if known.

As to item (A) above, 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iii) provides flexibility in permitting identification of foreign patents and published foreign patent applications by the applicant, patentee or first named inventor. Likewise, 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iv) only requires identification of the author, publisher, and place of publication of a non-patent publication if that information is available. It is noted that 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iv) does not preclude a protestor from providing additional information that is not specified. For example, a protestor may provide a journal title and volume/issue information for a journal article. 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(v) provides for the submission of information other than patents and publications, including any facts or information adverse to patentability, and requires that each item of “other information” be identified by date, if known. For example, if a publication date for a document is not known and the document is not being relied upon as a publication, the protestor may list such document as an item of other information under 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(v).

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iii)Protest Content and EvidenceProtest Filing RequirementsProtest Practice
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-1901-638b0e4dcb00aa3e820d409b]
Partial Document Submission Requirement
Note:
When only a portion of a document is listed, submit only that part and include identifying information.

As to item (C) above, where only a portion of a document is listed as an item in the information list, only a copy of that portion must be submitted. It is not required to submit the entire document. In addition, when only a portion of a document is submitted, the protestor should also submit copies of pages of the document that provide identifying information. For example, if the item in the information list is identified as a certain chapter in a text book, then only a copy of that identified chapter along with copies of the pages that provide identifying information (e.g., a copy of the cover, title page, and copyright information page) should be submitted with the protest.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.248Protest Content and EvidenceProtest Practice
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1901-80b283ae2187837b99375d9e]
Protestor Must Submit Identifying Information When Only Part of Document Is Submitted
Note:
When submitting only a portion of a document, the protestor must also provide identifying information from the document.

As to item (C) above, where only a portion of a document is listed as an item in the information list, only a copy of that portion must be submitted. It is not required to submit the entire document. In addition, when only a portion of a document is submitted, the protestor should also submit copies of pages of the document that provide identifying information. For example, if the item in the information list is identified as a certain chapter in a text book, then only a copy of that identified chapter along with copies of the pages that provide identifying information (e.g., a copy of the cover, title page, and copyright information page) should be submitted with the protest.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.248Protest Content and EvidenceProtest Practice
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1901-5c1cbb473a7de3489e6d7472]
Only Specified Chapter and Identifying Pages Required for Protest
Note:
When a document's specific chapter is listed in the information list, only that chapter along with identifying pages (cover, title, copyright) must be submitted.

As to item (C) above, where only a portion of a document is listed as an item in the information list, only a copy of that portion must be submitted. It is not required to submit the entire document. In addition, when only a portion of a document is submitted, the protestor should also submit copies of pages of the document that provide identifying information. For example, if the item in the information list is identified as a certain chapter in a text book, then only a copy of that identified chapter along with copies of the pages that provide identifying information (e.g., a copy of the cover, title page, and copyright information page) should be submitted with the protest.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.248Protest Content and EvidenceProtest Practice
Topic

Prior Art Submissions in Protests

5 rules
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-1901-cef844d9c28bcae85e200bf6]
Protests Must Be Filed Before Publication Or Allowance
Note:
All protests must be submitted before the application is published or a notice of allowance is given, unless accompanied by written consent from the applicant.

37 CFR 1.291 gives recognition to the value of written protests in bringing information to the attention of the Office and in avoiding the issuance of invalid patents. With the exception of a protest accompanied by a written consent of the applicant, all protests must be submitted prior to the publication of the application or the date a notice of allowance is given or mailed, whichever occurs first. No protest or "other form of preissuance opposition to the grant of a patent" may be initiated after publication of the application without the applicant’s express written consent as specified by 35 U.S.C. 122(c). Even if applicant’s express written consent is given, the protest must be filed prior to the date a notice of allowance is given or mailed. Third parties wishing to submit information in the form of patents and printed publications after publication of the application might consider whether a third-party submission under 35 U.S.C. 122(e) would be appropriate. See MPEP § 1134.01.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291Prior Art Submissions in ProtestsProtest with Applicant ConsentService of Protest
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-cf9d02dbc16132fc78f9c8f7]
Flexibility in Identifying Foreign Patents and Publications
Note:
The rule allows applicants, patentees, or first named inventors to identify foreign patents and published foreign patent applications flexibly.

As to item (A) above, 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iii) provides flexibility in permitting identification of foreign patents and published foreign patent applications by the applicant, patentee or first named inventor. Likewise, 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iv) only requires identification of the author, publisher, and place of publication of a non-patent publication if that information is available. It is noted that 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iv) does not preclude a protestor from providing additional information that is not specified. For example, a protestor may provide a journal title and volume/issue information for a journal article. 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(v) provides for the submission of information other than patents and publications, including any facts or information adverse to patentability, and requires that each item of “other information” be identified by date, if known. For example, if a publication date for a document is not known and the document is not being relied upon as a publication, the protestor may list such document as an item of other information under 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(v).

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iii)Prior Art Submissions in ProtestsProtest with Applicant ConsentService of Protest
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-77e223fd3ce074da0572b585]
Identification of Non-Patent Publication Details Required
Note:
The rule requires identification of the author, publisher, and place of publication for non-patent publications if available, but does not preclude providing additional information.

As to item (A) above, 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iii) provides flexibility in permitting identification of foreign patents and published foreign patent applications by the applicant, patentee or first named inventor. Likewise, 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iv) only requires identification of the author, publisher, and place of publication of a non-patent publication if that information is available. It is noted that 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iv) does not preclude a protestor from providing additional information that is not specified. For example, a protestor may provide a journal title and volume/issue information for a journal article. 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(v) provides for the submission of information other than patents and publications, including any facts or information adverse to patentability, and requires that each item of “other information” be identified by date, if known. For example, if a publication date for a document is not known and the document is not being relied upon as a publication, the protestor may list such document as an item of other information under 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(v).

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iii)Prior Art Submissions in ProtestsProtest Timing RequirementsProtest Content and Evidence
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1901-ec5a6b8760deea7a0b4526b7]
Protestor May List Non-Publication Documents as Other Info
Note:
A protestor can include documents without known publication dates as other information if not relied upon as publications.

As to item (A) above, 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iii) provides flexibility in permitting identification of foreign patents and published foreign patent applications by the applicant, patentee or first named inventor. Likewise, 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iv) only requires identification of the author, publisher, and place of publication of a non-patent publication if that information is available. It is noted that 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iv) does not preclude a protestor from providing additional information that is not specified. For example, a protestor may provide a journal title and volume/issue information for a journal article. 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(v) provides for the submission of information other than patents and publications, including any facts or information adverse to patentability, and requires that each item of “other information” be identified by date, if known. For example, if a publication date for a document is not known and the document is not being relied upon as a publication, the protestor may list such document as an item of other information under 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(v).

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(c)(1)(iii)Prior Art Submissions in ProtestsProtest Timing RequirementsProtest Content and Evidence
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1901-65a2c280d2a5468cda881451]
Party Can Protest Pending Application and Call Attention to Prior Art
Note:
A party with knowledge of a pending application can file a protest, highlighting facts that make patent grant improper.

A party obtaining knowledge of an application pending in the Office may file a protest against the application and may therein call attention to any facts within protestor’s knowledge which, in the protestor’s opinion, would make the grant of a patent on the application improper. The party should include with the protest whatever information the party is aware of that would facilitate identification of the application and matching the protest with the application. Where the protest specifically identifies the application, and is otherwise compliant, the protest will be considered by the Office if it is matched with the application in time to permit review by the examiner during prosecution. If there is insufficient information to identify the application, the protest may not be matched at all or not timely matched with the intended application to permit review by the examiner during prosecution of the application, in which case, the protest may not be entered and may be returned to the protestor where practical. If return is not practical, the protest will be discarded. 37 CFR 1.291(a). See MPEP § 1901.03.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(a)Prior Art Submissions in ProtestsExaminer Action on ProtestProtest Filing Requirements
Topic

Examiner Action on Protest

4 rules
StatutoryProhibitedAlways
[mpep-1901-ce1b8a965dab9160f8d2c42d]
Inadequate Protest Identification Not Entertained
Note:
A protest submitted without proper identification will not be considered and may be returned to the submitter if practical, or discarded otherwise.

(a) A protest may be filed by a member of the public against a pending application, and it will be matched with the application file if it adequately identifies the patent application. A protest submitted within the time frame of paragraph (b) of this section, which is not matched, or not matched in a timely manner to permit review by the examiner during prosecution, due to inadequate identification, may not be entered and may be returned to the protestor where practical, or, if return is not practical, discarded.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291Examiner Action on ProtestProtest Handling ProcedureProtest Practice
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1901-b002de9f870e49b534c9de88]
Information Required for Protest Matching
Note:
A party must include all relevant information to identify the application and match the protest with it when filing a protest against an application.

A party obtaining knowledge of an application pending in the Office may file a protest against the application and may therein call attention to any facts within protestor’s knowledge which, in the protestor’s opinion, would make the grant of a patent on the application improper. The party should include with the protest whatever information the party is aware of that would facilitate identification of the application and matching the protest with the application. Where the protest specifically identifies the application, and is otherwise compliant, the protest will be considered by the Office if it is matched with the application in time to permit review by the examiner during prosecution. If there is insufficient information to identify the application, the protest may not be matched at all or not timely matched with the intended application to permit review by the examiner during prosecution of the application, in which case, the protest may not be entered and may be returned to the protestor where practical. If return is not practical, the protest will be discarded. 37 CFR 1.291(a). See MPEP § 1901.03.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(a)Examiner Action on ProtestProtest Content and EvidenceProtest Practice
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-ec298ffc5efabf3a6f189706]
Protest Must Identify Application for Examiner Review
Note:
A protest must specifically identify the application and provide sufficient information to match it with the correct application for examiner review during prosecution.

A party obtaining knowledge of an application pending in the Office may file a protest against the application and may therein call attention to any facts within protestor’s knowledge which, in the protestor’s opinion, would make the grant of a patent on the application improper. The party should include with the protest whatever information the party is aware of that would facilitate identification of the application and matching the protest with the application. Where the protest specifically identifies the application, and is otherwise compliant, the protest will be considered by the Office if it is matched with the application in time to permit review by the examiner during prosecution. If there is insufficient information to identify the application, the protest may not be matched at all or not timely matched with the intended application to permit review by the examiner during prosecution of the application, in which case, the protest may not be entered and may be returned to the protestor where practical. If return is not practical, the protest will be discarded. 37 CFR 1.291(a). See MPEP § 1901.03.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(a)Examiner Action on ProtestProtest Handling ProcedureProtest Practice
StatutoryProhibitedAlways
[mpep-1901-51f7e8932ae5fbab7e0aaec3]
Insufficient Information for Protest Matching
Note:
If a protest lacks sufficient information to identify the application, it may not be matched and will not be reviewed by the examiner.

A party obtaining knowledge of an application pending in the Office may file a protest against the application and may therein call attention to any facts within protestor’s knowledge which, in the protestor’s opinion, would make the grant of a patent on the application improper. The party should include with the protest whatever information the party is aware of that would facilitate identification of the application and matching the protest with the application. Where the protest specifically identifies the application, and is otherwise compliant, the protest will be considered by the Office if it is matched with the application in time to permit review by the examiner during prosecution. If there is insufficient information to identify the application, the protest may not be matched at all or not timely matched with the intended application to permit review by the examiner during prosecution of the application, in which case, the protest may not be entered and may be returned to the protestor where practical. If return is not practical, the protest will be discarded. 37 CFR 1.291(a). See MPEP § 1901.03.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(a)Examiner Action on ProtestProtest Content and EvidenceProtest Handling Procedure
Topic

Notice of Allowance Form and Content

3 rules
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1901-3595883baaa98283e57d5f84]
Protest After Publication Requires Applicant’s Consent
Note:
A protest or preissuance opposition to a patent grant cannot be initiated after the application is published without the applicant's express written consent.

37 CFR 1.291 gives recognition to the value of written protests in bringing information to the attention of the Office and in avoiding the issuance of invalid patents. With the exception of a protest accompanied by a written consent of the applicant, all protests must be submitted prior to the publication of the application or the date a notice of allowance is given or mailed, whichever occurs first. No protest or "other form of preissuance opposition to the grant of a patent" may be initiated after publication of the application without the applicant’s express written consent as specified by 35 U.S.C. 122(c). Even if applicant’s express written consent is given, the protest must be filed prior to the date a notice of allowance is given or mailed. Third parties wishing to submit information in the form of patents and printed publications after publication of the application might consider whether a third-party submission under 35 U.S.C. 122(e) would be appropriate. See MPEP § 1134.01.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291Notice of Allowance Form and ContentPrior Art Submissions in ProtestsProtest with Applicant Consent
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-26691f57964c74eecb0ea8fe]
Consider Third-Party Submission After Publication
Note:
Third parties may consider submitting patents and printed publications after application publication if a third-party submission under 35 U.S.C. 122(e) is appropriate.

37 CFR 1.291 gives recognition to the value of written protests in bringing information to the attention of the Office and in avoiding the issuance of invalid patents. With the exception of a protest accompanied by a written consent of the applicant, all protests must be submitted prior to the publication of the application or the date a notice of allowance is given or mailed, whichever occurs first. No protest or "other form of preissuance opposition to the grant of a patent" may be initiated after publication of the application without the applicant’s express written consent as specified by 35 U.S.C. 122(c). Even if applicant’s express written consent is given, the protest must be filed prior to the date a notice of allowance is given or mailed. Third parties wishing to submit information in the form of patents and printed publications after publication of the application might consider whether a third-party submission under 35 U.S.C. 122(e) would be appropriate. See MPEP § 1134.01.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291Notice of Allowance Form and ContentPrior Art Submissions in ProtestsProtest Timing Requirements
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1901-2d885168dcc57e19edbfa4a0]
Protest Allowed Throughout Pendency Before Notice of Allowance
Note:
A protest can be filed in a reissue application at any time before the notice of allowance is given, subject to examination timing constraints.

It is noted that a protest filed in a reissue application is not a "form of preissuance opposition to the grant of a patent" since the patent to be reissued has already been granted. Thus, a protest may be filed in a reissue application throughout the pendency of the reissue application prior to the date a notice of allowance is given or mailed subject to the timing constraints of the examination. A protest with regard to a reissue application should, however, be filed within the 2-month period following the announcement of the filing of the reissue application in the Official Gazette. See MPEP § 1441.01 for guidance as to the filing of a protest in a reissue application.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.248Notice of Allowance Form and ContentProtest Timing RequirementsNotice of Allowance
Topic

Access to Pending Applications

1 rules
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1901-f4cdef62573c3e63956fccc4]
Public Can Protest Pending Patents If Identified
Note:
A member of the public can file a protest against a pending patent application if their protest adequately identifies the specific application. Otherwise, it may be discarded.

(a) A protest may be filed by a member of the public against a pending application, and it will be matched with the application file if it adequately identifies the patent application. A protest submitted within the time frame of paragraph (b) of this section, which is not matched, or not matched in a timely manner to permit review by the examiner during prosecution, due to inadequate identification, may not be entered and may be returned to the protestor where practical, or, if return is not practical, discarded.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291Access to Pending ApplicationsExaminer Action on ProtestAccess to Patent Application Files (MPEP 101-106)
Topic

PTAB Contested Case Procedures

1 rules
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-1901-e3c9a04475b290ceabd91b95]
Service of Papers Must Be on Attorney or Party
Note:
Papers must be served on an attorney or the party directly, and can be delivered in person, left at a place of business, at residence with a suitable person, by mail, or published in the Official Gazette if other methods are impracticable.
(a) Service of papers must be on the attorney or agent of the party if there be such or on the party if there is no attorney or agent, and may be made in any of the following ways:
  • (1) By delivering a copy of the paper to the person served;
  • (2) By leaving a copy at the usual place of business of the person served with someone in his employment;
  • (3) When the person served has no usual place of business, by leaving a copy at the person’s residence, with some person of suitable age and discretion who resides there;
  • (4) Transmission by first class mail. When service is by mail the date of mailing will be regarded as the date of service;
  • (5) Whenever it shall be satisfactorily shown to the Director that none of the above modes of obtaining or serving the paper is practicable, service may be by notice published in the Official Gazette.
Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.248PTAB Contested Case ProceduresOfficial Gazette – Patents (MPEP 1730)
Topic

Signature Requirements

1 rules
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-1901-ee0d1783a97c5221fe1add4f]
Proof of Service Required for Filed Papers
Note:
Papers filed in the Patent and Trademark Office must include proof of service, which should state the date and manner of service. For personal service, it also requires the name of the person served.
(b) Papers filed in the Patent and Trademark Office which are required to be served shall contain proof of service. Proof of service may appear on or be affixed to papers filed. Proof of service shall include the date and manner of service. In the case of personal service, proof of service shall also include the name of any person served, certified by the person who made service. Proof of service may be made by:
  • (1) An acknowledgement of service by or on behalf of the person served or
  • (2) A statement signed by the attorney or agent containing the information required by this section.
Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.248Signature Requirements
Topic

PTAB Jurisdiction

1 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-9a57174d1dde3c2c478e66ce]
Service Requirements for PTAB Contested Cases
Note:
This rule requires service of papers in contested cases or trials before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board as detailed in §41.106(e) or §42.6(e).

(c) See § 41.106(e) or § 42.6(e) of this title for service of papers in contested cases or trials before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 41.106(e)PTAB JurisdictionPTAB Contested Case ProceduresEx Parte Appeals to PTAB
Topic

Service of Protest

1 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-8b442676eecef44e3ca1ee9b]
Item of Other Information Must Be Dated If Known
Note:
Each item of other information submitted in a protest must be identified by its date if known.

37 CFR 1.291(c) requires that the protest must include:
(A) An information list of the documents, portions of documents, or other information being submitted, where each:

(5) Item of other information is identified by date, if known.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(c)Service of ProtestProtest Filing RequirementsProtest Practice
Topic

Protest Timing Requirements

1 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1901-ef2f661a97e05816b7eed418]
Filing Does Not Grant Argument Rights
Note:
A protestor must actively participate beyond filing to argue the protest before the Office.

A protestor does not, by the mere filing of a protest, obtain the “right” to argue the protest before the Office. Active participation by a protestor ends with the filing of the protest, and no further submission on behalf of the protestor will be considered, unless the submission is made pursuant to 37 CFR 1.291(c)(5). See 37 CFR 1.291(d). The USPTO will acknowledge the receipt of a protest in an original or a reissue application file, only if a self-addressed postcard is included with the protest (see MPEP § 1901.05). The question of whether or not a patent will issue is a matter between the applicant and the Office acting on behalf of the public.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.291(c)(5)Protest Timing RequirementsProtest PracticeService of Protest

Citations

Primary topicCitation
Notice of Allowance Form and Content
Prior Art Submissions in Protests
Protest Content and Evidence
Protest with Applicant Consent
35 U.S.C. § 122(c)
Notice of Allowance Form and Content
Prior Art Submissions in Protests
Protest Content and Evidence
Protest with Applicant Consent
35 U.S.C. § 122(e)
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest Practice
37 CFR § 1.17(i)
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest Practice
Protest with Applicant Consent
37 CFR § 1.211
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest Practice
Protest with Applicant Consent
37 CFR § 1.248
Notice of Allowance Form and Content
Prior Art Submissions in Protests
Protest Content and Evidence
Protest with Applicant Consent
37 CFR § 1.291
Examiner Action on Protest
Prior Art Submissions in Protests
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest Practice
37 CFR § 1.291(a)
Protest with Applicant Consent37 CFR § 1.291(b)
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest Practice
Protest with Applicant Consent
37 CFR § 1.291(b)(2)
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest with Applicant Consent
Service of Protest
37 CFR § 1.291(c)
Prior Art Submissions in Protests
Protest Content and Evidence
37 CFR § 1.291(c)(1)(iii)
Prior Art Submissions in Protests
Protest Content and Evidence
37 CFR § 1.291(c)(1)(iv)
Prior Art Submissions in Protests
Protest Content and Evidence
37 CFR § 1.291(c)(1)(v)
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest Practice
Protest Timing Requirements
Protest with Applicant Consent
37 CFR § 1.291(c)(5)
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest Practice
Protest Timing Requirements
Protest with Applicant Consent
37 CFR § 1.291(d)
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest Practice
37 CFR § 1.291(g)
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest Practice
Protest with Applicant Consent
37 CFR § 1.311
PTAB Jurisdiction37 CFR § 41.106(e)
PTAB Jurisdiction37 CFR § 42.6(e)
Notice of Allowance Form and Content
Prior Art Submissions in Protests
Protest Content and Evidence
Protest with Applicant Consent
MPEP § 1134.01
Notice of Allowance Form and Content
Protest Practice
MPEP § 1441.01
Examiner Action on Protest
Prior Art Submissions in Protests
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest Practice
MPEP § 1901.03
Protest Filing Requirements
Protest Practice
Protest Timing Requirements
Protest with Applicant Consent
MPEP § 1901.05

Source Text from USPTO’s MPEP

This is an exact copy of the MPEP from the USPTO. It is here for your reference to see the section in context.

BlueIron Last Updated: 2025-12-31