37 CFR § 1.475 — Unity of invention before the International (MPEP Coverage Index) – BlueIron IP

This page consolidates MPEP guidance interpreting 37 CFR § 1.475, including 142 rules from the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure. It is provided as guidance, with links to the ground truth sources. This is information only, it is not legal advice.

Summary

The Unity of invention before the International Searching Authority requires that an application's claims be drawn only to one category of invention and clearly indicate unity, with any amendments or divisional applications also meeting this requirement.

What this section covers

Claims in international or national stage PCT applications must pertain exclusively to a single category of invention.
Applications should include a clear and specific indication of unity to satisfy the Unity of invention requirement.

Key obligations

Primary requirement: Claims must be drawn only to one category of invention.
Compliance obligation: Any amendment or divisional application must also meet the Unity of invention requirement.

Practice notes

Draft claims carefully to ensure they are clearly and distinctly related, avoiding inclusion of unrelated inventions.
Including claims to unrelated inventions can lead to rejection of the application, highlighting the importance of clear indication of unity.

Amendment to PCT Rule 13 Effective July 1, 1992MPEP 1893.03(d)
Additional Inventions Searched If Fees PaidMPEP 1875
Inventions Not Previously Searched Cannot Be ExaminedMPEP 1875
Requirement for Grouped Inventive ConceptsMPEP 1850Required
Invention Group Must Share Special Technical FeaturesMPEP 1850Required
Special Technical Features Define Contribution Over Prior ArtMPEP 1850Required
Claims Must Be Drawn to One CategoryMPEP 1850
Unity of Invention for Different CategoriesMPEP 1850
First Mentioned Invention Is Main ClaimMPEP 1850
Group of Inventions Must Be Linked Without Regard to Claim StructureMPEP 1850Required
Invention Must Be Related GroupMPEP 1850Required
Single General Invention Requirement for International ApplicationsMPEP 1850Permitted
Unity of Invention Determination Not Aligning with PCT RulesMPEP 1850
Lack of Unity Between Process and ApparatusMPEP 1850
Process and Apparatus Unity of Invention Not Required If Only Used TogetherMPEP 1850Permitted
Unity of Invention for Different Claim CategoriesMPEP 1850
No Change to Restriction Practice for US National Applications Outside PCTMPEP 1850
Claims to Different Categories Must Meet PCT Rule 13.2 for UnityMPEP 1850Recommended
No Longer Specifies Combinations for Unity of InventionMPEP 1850
Categories of Invention No Longer Specified in PCT Rule 13.2MPEP 1850Permitted
Method for Determining Unity of Invention RequirementMPEP 1850
Technical Relationship Among Claims Required for UnityMPEP 1850
Special Technical Features Define Contribution Over Prior ArtMPEP 1850
Claims Must Reflect Technical RelationshipMPEP 1850
Special Technical Features Determine Unity of InventionMPEP 1850
Invention Unity Requirement for International ApplicationsMPEP 1850Recommended
Technical Relationship Among Inventions RequiredMPEP 1850
Definition of Special Technical Features for InventionsMPEP 1850
Claims Must Be Interpreted With Description and DrawingsMPEP 1850
Lack of Unity Should Not Be Raised NarrowlyMPEP 1850Recommended
Consider Degree of Interdependence Between AlternativesMPEP 1850Recommended
Lack of Unity When Independent Claims Share Common MatterMPEP 1850
Examiner Determination Based on MeritsMPEP 1850Prohibited
International Searching Authority Cannot Object to Lack of Unity Based on ClassificationMPEP 1850Recommended
Unity of Invention Considered for Independent Claims OnlyMPEP 1850
Definition of Dependent ClaimsMPEP 1850
Claim May Refer to Another Claim Regardless of TypeMPEP 1850Recommended
Cross-Referencing Claims of Different Categories Is AllowedMPEP 1850
Cooperating Part Claim Not DependentMPEP 1850
Dependent Claims Must Have Inventive LinkMPEP 1850
Objection of Lack of Unity After Prior Art AssessmentMPEP 1850Permitted
Inventive Link for Genus/Species ClaimsMPEP 1850
Determine Unity Before International SearchMPEP 1850
Initial Unity of Invention Determination May Be Reconsidered Based on Search ResultsMPEP 1850Permitted
Invention Variants Can Be Claimed In One Or Multiple ClaimsMPEP 1850Permitted
Independent Alternatives May Not Be Immediately Apparent in Single ClaimMPEP 1850Prohibited
Same Criteria for Unity of Invention Within Single ClaimMPEP 1850Recommended
Alternatives Within a Single Claim May Lack Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Permitted
Claim Contains Distinct Embodiments Not Linked by Single General Invention ConceptMPEP 1850Recommended
Authority Can Object to Single Claim AlternativesMPEP 1850
Detailed Guidance on Determining Unity of Invention for PCT ApplicationsMPEP 1850
Interpretation of PCT Rule 13.2 for National Stage EntryMPEP 1850
Guidelines for Understanding Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Permitted
Inclusion of Different Claim Categories Permitted in Same ApplicationMPEP 1850Required
Process and Apparatus Claims for Product Allowed in Same ApplicationMPEP 1850
Claimed Process Must Inherently Result in Claimed ProductMPEP 1850Required
Product Can Be Made by Different MethodsMPEP 1850
Apparatus Specifically Designed for Process Must Correspond to ContributionMPEP 1850Required
Markush Alternatives Governed by PCT Rule 13.2MPEP 1850
Similar Alternatives Meet Technical Interrelationship RequirementMPEP 1850Required
Markush Grouping of Chemical Compounds Must Be SimilarMPEP 1850Required
Alternatives Must Belong to Same Chemical ClassMPEP 1850Prohibited
Requirement for Common Chemical Structure Among CompoundsMPEP 1850
Structural Element Requirement for AlternativesMPEP 1850Permitted
Different Classifications Do Not Invalidate Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Recommended
PCT Rule Governs Intermediate and Final ProductsMPEP 1850
Intermediate and Final Products Must Share Same Structural ElementMPEP 1850Required
Intermediate and Final Products Must Be Technically InterrelatedMPEP 1850
Unity of Invention Between Unknown StructuresMPEP 1850Permitted
Intermediate and Final Products Must Be Technically Closely InterrelatedMPEP 1850Required
Intermediates Must Be NewMPEP 1850Prohibited
Different Intermediates for Structural Parts Require Separate ClaimsMPEP 1850Prohibited
Intermediate Compounds Must Correspond to Final ProductsMPEP 1850Required
Examiner May Search Additional Inventions Without Extra Fees If Little Effort RequiredMPEP 1850Required
Examiner May Search Related Inventions Without Extra FeesMPEP 1850Permitted
Search Fees Required When Lack of Unity FoundMPEP 1850
Examiner Can Search Multiple Conceptually Close Inventions Without Extra FeesMPEP 1850Permitted
Examiner May Complete Search for Additional InventionsMPEP 1850Permitted
Written Opinion Justifies Additional Search FeesMPEP 1850Recommended
Search Fee for Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Required
Invitation to Pay Additional Search Fees for Lack of UnityMPEP 1850
Invitation to Pay Additional Search Fees for Lack of UnityMPEP 1850
Invitation to Pay Additional Search Fees for Lack of UnityMPEP 1850
Additional Search Fees Required for Other InventionsMPEP 1850Prohibited
Additional Search Fees for Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Permitted
ISA Must Provide Logical Technical Reasoning for Lack of UnityMPEP 1850Recommended
Early International Search Required After Receipt of Search CopyMPEP 1850Required
International Search Report on Main Invention and Paid Additional FeesMPEP 1850
Unpaid Search Fees Do Not Invalidate ApplicationMPEP 1850
Unsearched Claims Subject to Lack of UnityMPEP 1850Permitted
Invitation to Pay Additional Search FeesMPEP 1850
Examiner Must Indicate Inventions Not Complying With Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Recommended
Examiner Must Indicate Total Search Fees for All Inventions ClaimedMPEP 1850Required
Unsearchable Claims Not Included With InventionMPEP 1850Required
Multiple Dependent Claims Not Compliant with PCT Rule 6.4(a) Are UnsearchableMPEP 1850Required
Response Time Limit for PCT National StageMPEP 1850
Time Limit for Response Not ExtendableMPEP 1850Permitted
Examiner With Partial Signatory Authority Must Sign PCT/ISA/206MPEP 1850Required
Telephone Practice for Additional Fees PaymentMPEP 1850Permitted
Telephone Practice for Additional Fees if Deposit Account ExistsMPEP 1850
Deposit Account Number and Amount Must Be IncludedMPEP 1850
Protest Must Be Filed In Writing Within One MonthMPEP 1850Required
Examiner Must Record Lack of Unity HoldingMPEP 1850Recommended
Requirement for Written Invitation if Refusal to Limit Search or Pay FeesMPEP 1850Recommended
Examiner Must Submit Written Invitation to Technology Center for Review and Mailing Within 7 DaysMPEP 1850Required
Fee Required for Non-Compliant Unity of Invention ClaimsMPEP 1850Required
Fee Required for Non-Compliant ClaimsMPEP 1850
Requirement for Unity of Invention Before International Preliminary ExaminationMPEP 1875
Procedure for Lack of Unity Before International Preliminary Examining AuthorityMPEP 1875Recommended
Requirement for Unity of InventionMPEP 1875
Requirement for Invention Election Before Final ActionMPEP 1893.03(d)Required
37 CFR 1.499 Amended to Match PCT Rule 13MPEP 1893.03(d)Permitted

Requirement for Identifying Linked InventionsMPEP 1875.01Required
Requirement for Grouped Inventive ConceptsMPEP 1850Required
Invention Group Must Share Special Technical FeaturesMPEP 1850Required
Special Technical Features Define Contribution Over Prior ArtMPEP 1850Required
Group of Inventions Must Be Linked Without Regard to Claim StructureMPEP 1850Required
Invention Must Be Related GroupMPEP 1850Required
Inclusion of Different Claim Categories Permitted in Same ApplicationMPEP 1850Required
Claimed Process Must Inherently Result in Claimed ProductMPEP 1850Required
Apparatus Specifically Designed for Process Must Correspond to ContributionMPEP 1850Required
Single General Inventive Concept Must Link ClaimsMPEP 1850Required
Process Requirement for Manufactured ProductMPEP 1850Required
Apparatus Must Be Specifically Designed for ProcessMPEP 1850Required
Process Must Be Specially Adapted for Product ManufactureMPEP 1850Required
Similar Alternatives Meet Technical Interrelationship RequirementMPEP 1850Required
Markush Grouping of Chemical Compounds Must Be SimilarMPEP 1850Required
Reconsideration Does Not Necessarily Imply Lack of Unity ObjectionMPEP 1850Required
Intermediate and Final Products Must Share Same Structural ElementMPEP 1850Required
Intermediate and Final Products Must Be Technically Closely InterrelatedMPEP 1850Required
Intermediate Compounds Must Correspond to Final ProductsMPEP 1850Required
Examiner May Search Additional Inventions Without Extra Fees If Little Effort RequiredMPEP 1850Required
Search Fee for Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Required
Early International Search Required After Receipt of Search CopyMPEP 1850Required
Examiner Must Indicate Total Search Fees for All Inventions ClaimedMPEP 1850Required
Unsearchable Claims Not Included With InventionMPEP 1850Required
Multiple Dependent Claims Not Compliant with PCT Rule 6.4(a) Are UnsearchableMPEP 1850Required
Examiner With Partial Signatory Authority Must Sign PCT/ISA/206MPEP 1850Required
Protest Must Be Filed In Writing Within One MonthMPEP 1850Required
Examiner Must Submit Written Invitation to Technology Center for Review and Mailing Within 7 DaysMPEP 1850Required
Fee Required for Non-Compliant Unity of Invention ClaimsMPEP 1850Required
Reasons for Lack of Unity Must Be SpecifiedMPEP 1875.01Required
Requirement for Invention Election Before Final ActionMPEP 1893.03(d)Required

Technical Feature Contribution to Novelty and Inventive StepMPEP 1850Recommended
No Single General Inventive Concept Among ClaimsMPEP 1850Permitted
A Priori vs A Posteriori Lack of UnityMPEP 1850Permitted
Independent Claims to A + X, A + Y, X + Y Lack Unity a PrioriMPEP 1850Permitted
Claims Must Share Common Subject MatterMPEP 1850
Lack of Unity if Common Feature is KnownMPEP 1850Permitted
Dependent Claims Do Not Affect Unity If Independent Claims Avoid Prior ArtMPEP 1850
Dependent Claims Do Not Require Novelty of New FeatureMPEP 1850
No Objection to Claims Involving New Alloys for Turbine BladesMPEP 1850
Dependent Claims Must Support Main ClaimMPEP 1850
Dependent Claims Must Contain All Features of Independent ClaimMPEP 1850
Genus Claim Must Avoid Prior ArtMPEP 1850
Genus Claim Must Be Similar NatureMPEP 1850
Requirement for Careful Claim CombinationMPEP 1850Recommended
Single Set of Independent Claims PermissibleMPEP 1850
Combination Claims Require Exceptional AcceptanceMPEP 1850Recommended
Limit on Related Independent Claims PermittedMPEP 1850Permitted
Emphasis on Product or Process in InventionMPEP 1850Recommended
Single General Inventive Concept RequirementMPEP 1850Permitted
Reconsider Unity of Invention When Markush Not NovelMPEP 1850Recommended
Novelty of Markush Alternatives Affects Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Permitted
Other Effects of Intermediates Do Not Affect UnityMPEP 1850Prohibited
Other Effects of Intermediates Do Not Affect Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Permitted

MPEP Section	Rules
MPEP § 1850	Requirement for Grouped Inventive ConceptsMPEP 1850Required Invention Group Must Share Special Technical FeaturesMPEP 1850Required Special Technical Features Define Contribution Over Prior ArtMPEP 1850Required Claims Must Be Drawn to One CategoryMPEP 1850 Unity of Invention for Different CategoriesMPEP 1850 First Mentioned Invention Is Main ClaimMPEP 1850 Group of Inventions Must Be Linked Without Regard to Claim StructureMPEP 1850Required Invention Must Be Related GroupMPEP 1850Required Single General Invention Requirement for International ApplicationsMPEP 1850Permitted Unity of Invention Determination Not Aligning with PCT RulesMPEP 1850 Lack of Unity Between Process and ApparatusMPEP 1850 Process and Apparatus Unity of Invention Not Required If Only Used TogetherMPEP 1850Permitted Unity of Invention for Different Claim CategoriesMPEP 1850 No Change to Restriction Practice for US National Applications Outside PCTMPEP 1850 Claims to Different Categories Must Meet PCT Rule 13.2 for UnityMPEP 1850Recommended No Longer Specifies Combinations for Unity of InventionMPEP 1850 Categories of Invention No Longer Specified in PCT Rule 13.2MPEP 1850Permitted Method for Determining Unity of Invention RequirementMPEP 1850 Technical Relationship Among Claims Required for UnityMPEP 1850 Special Technical Features Define Contribution Over Prior ArtMPEP 1850 Claims Must Reflect Technical RelationshipMPEP 1850 Special Technical Features Determine Unity of InventionMPEP 1850 Invention Unity Requirement for International ApplicationsMPEP 1850Recommended Technical Relationship Among Inventions RequiredMPEP 1850 Definition of Special Technical Features for InventionsMPEP 1850 Claims Must Be Interpreted With Description and DrawingsMPEP 1850 Technical Feature Contribution to Novelty and Inventive StepMPEP 1850Recommended No Single General Inventive Concept Among ClaimsMPEP 1850Permitted A Priori vs A Posteriori Lack of UnityMPEP 1850Permitted Independent Claims to A + X, A + Y, X + Y Lack Unity a PrioriMPEP 1850Permitted Claims Must Share Common Subject MatterMPEP 1850 Lack of Unity if Common Feature is KnownMPEP 1850Permitted Lack of Unity Should Not Be Raised NarrowlyMPEP 1850Recommended Consider Degree of Interdependence Between AlternativesMPEP 1850Recommended Lack of Unity When Independent Claims Share Common MatterMPEP 1850 Examiner Determination Based on MeritsMPEP 1850Prohibited International Searching Authority Cannot Object to Lack of Unity Based on ClassificationMPEP 1850Recommended Unity of Invention Considered for Independent Claims OnlyMPEP 1850 Definition of Dependent ClaimsMPEP 1850 Claim May Refer to Another Claim Regardless of TypeMPEP 1850Recommended Cross-Referencing Claims of Different Categories Is AllowedMPEP 1850 Cooperating Part Claim Not DependentMPEP 1850 Dependent Claims Do Not Affect Unity If Independent Claims Avoid Prior ArtMPEP 1850 Dependent Claims Do Not Require Novelty of New FeatureMPEP 1850 No Objection to Claims Involving New Alloys for Turbine BladesMPEP 1850 Dependent Claims Must Support Main ClaimMPEP 1850 Dependent Claims Must Contain All Features of Independent ClaimMPEP 1850 Genus Claim Must Avoid Prior ArtMPEP 1850 Genus Claim Must Be Similar NatureMPEP 1850 Dependent Claims Must Have Inventive LinkMPEP 1850 Objection of Lack of Unity After Prior Art AssessmentMPEP 1850Permitted Inventive Link for Genus/Species ClaimsMPEP 1850 Determine Unity Before International SearchMPEP 1850 Initial Unity of Invention Determination May Be Reconsidered Based on Search ResultsMPEP 1850Permitted Invention Variants Can Be Claimed In One Or Multiple ClaimsMPEP 1850Permitted Independent Alternatives May Not Be Immediately Apparent in Single ClaimMPEP 1850Prohibited Same Criteria for Unity of Invention Within Single ClaimMPEP 1850Recommended Alternatives Within a Single Claim May Lack Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Permitted Claim Contains Distinct Embodiments Not Linked by Single General Invention ConceptMPEP 1850Recommended Authority Can Object to Single Claim AlternativesMPEP 1850 Detailed Guidance on Determining Unity of Invention for PCT ApplicationsMPEP 1850 Interpretation of PCT Rule 13.2 for National Stage EntryMPEP 1850 Guidelines for Understanding Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Permitted Inclusion of Different Claim Categories Permitted in Same ApplicationMPEP 1850Required Process and Apparatus Claims for Product Allowed in Same ApplicationMPEP 1850 Claimed Process Must Inherently Result in Claimed ProductMPEP 1850Required Product Can Be Made by Different MethodsMPEP 1850 Apparatus Specifically Designed for Process Must Correspond to ContributionMPEP 1850Required Requirement for Careful Claim CombinationMPEP 1850Recommended Single Set of Independent Claims PermissibleMPEP 1850 Combination Claims Require Exceptional AcceptanceMPEP 1850Recommended Limit on Related Independent Claims PermittedMPEP 1850Permitted Single General Inventive Concept Must Link ClaimsMPEP 1850Required Process Requirement for Manufactured ProductMPEP 1850Required Apparatus Must Be Specifically Designed for ProcessMPEP 1850Required Process Must Be Specially Adapted for Product ManufactureMPEP 1850Required Emphasis on Product or Process in InventionMPEP 1850Recommended Single General Inventive Concept RequirementMPEP 1850Permitted Markush Alternatives Governed by PCT Rule 13.2MPEP 1850 Similar Alternatives Meet Technical Interrelationship RequirementMPEP 1850Required Markush Grouping of Chemical Compounds Must Be SimilarMPEP 1850Required Alternatives Must Belong to Same Chemical ClassMPEP 1850Prohibited Requirement for Common Chemical Structure Among CompoundsMPEP 1850 Structural Element Requirement for AlternativesMPEP 1850Permitted Different Classifications Do Not Invalidate Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Recommended Reconsider Unity of Invention When Markush Not NovelMPEP 1850Recommended Reconsideration Does Not Necessarily Imply Lack of Unity ObjectionMPEP 1850Required Novelty of Markush Alternatives Affects Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Permitted PCT Rule Governs Intermediate and Final ProductsMPEP 1850 Intermediate and Final Products Must Share Same Structural ElementMPEP 1850Required Intermediate and Final Products Must Be Technically InterrelatedMPEP 1850 Unity of Invention Between Unknown StructuresMPEP 1850Permitted Intermediate and Final Products Must Be Technically Closely InterrelatedMPEP 1850Required Intermediates Must Be NewMPEP 1850Prohibited Different Intermediates for Structural Parts Require Separate ClaimsMPEP 1850Prohibited Intermediate Compounds Must Correspond to Final ProductsMPEP 1850Required Other Effects of Intermediates Do Not Affect UnityMPEP 1850Prohibited Other Effects of Intermediates Do Not Affect Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Permitted Examiner May Search Additional Inventions Without Extra Fees If Little Effort RequiredMPEP 1850Required Examiner May Search Related Inventions Without Extra FeesMPEP 1850Permitted Search Fees Required When Lack of Unity FoundMPEP 1850 Examiner Can Search Multiple Conceptually Close Inventions Without Extra FeesMPEP 1850Permitted Examiner May Complete Search for Additional InventionsMPEP 1850Permitted Written Opinion Justifies Additional Search FeesMPEP 1850Recommended Search Fee for Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Required Invitation to Pay Additional Search Fees for Lack of UnityMPEP 1850 Invitation to Pay Additional Search Fees for Lack of UnityMPEP 1850 Invitation to Pay Additional Search Fees for Lack of UnityMPEP 1850 Additional Search Fees Required for Other InventionsMPEP 1850Prohibited Additional Search Fees for Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Permitted ISA Must Provide Logical Technical Reasoning for Lack of UnityMPEP 1850Recommended Early International Search Required After Receipt of Search CopyMPEP 1850Required International Search Report on Main Invention and Paid Additional FeesMPEP 1850 Unpaid Search Fees Do Not Invalidate ApplicationMPEP 1850 Unsearched Claims Subject to Lack of UnityMPEP 1850Permitted Invitation to Pay Additional Search FeesMPEP 1850 Examiner Must Indicate Inventions Not Complying With Unity of InventionMPEP 1850Recommended Examiner Must Indicate Total Search Fees for All Inventions ClaimedMPEP 1850Required Unsearchable Claims Not Included With InventionMPEP 1850Required Multiple Dependent Claims Not Compliant with PCT Rule 6.4(a) Are UnsearchableMPEP 1850Required Response Time Limit for PCT National StageMPEP 1850 Time Limit for Response Not ExtendableMPEP 1850Permitted Examiner With Partial Signatory Authority Must Sign PCT/ISA/206MPEP 1850Required Telephone Practice for Additional Fees PaymentMPEP 1850Permitted Telephone Practice for Additional Fees if Deposit Account ExistsMPEP 1850 Deposit Account Number and Amount Must Be IncludedMPEP 1850 Protest Must Be Filed In Writing Within One MonthMPEP 1850Required Examiner Must Record Lack of Unity HoldingMPEP 1850Recommended Requirement for Written Invitation if Refusal to Limit Search or Pay FeesMPEP 1850Recommended Examiner Must Submit Written Invitation to Technology Center for Review and Mailing Within 7 DaysMPEP 1850Required Fee Required for Non-Compliant Unity of Invention ClaimsMPEP 1850Required Fee Required for Non-Compliant ClaimsMPEP 1850
MPEP § 1875	Additional Inventions Searched If Fees PaidMPEP 1875 Inventions Not Previously Searched Cannot Be ExaminedMPEP 1875 Requirement for Unity of Invention Before International Preliminary ExaminationMPEP 1875 Procedure for Lack of Unity Before International Preliminary Examining AuthorityMPEP 1875Recommended Requirement for Unity of InventionMPEP 1875
MPEP § 1875.01	Requirement for Identifying Linked InventionsMPEP 1875.01Required Reasons for Lack of Unity Must Be SpecifiedMPEP 1875.01Required
MPEP § 1893.03(d)	Amendment to PCT Rule 13 Effective July 1, 1992MPEP 1893.03(d) Requirement for Invention Election Before Final ActionMPEP 1893.03(d)Required 37 CFR 1.499 Amended to Match PCT Rule 13MPEP 1893.03(d)Permitted

Related Provisions

Based on MPEP Last Modified: 10/30/2024 08:50:22

37 CFR § 1.475 — Unity of invention before the International (MPEP Coverage Index) – BlueIron IP

37 CFR § 1.475 Unity of invention before the International

Summary

Official MPEP § 1.475 — Unity of invention before the International

1.475 Unity of invention before the International Searching Authority, the International Preliminary Examining Authority and during the national stage.

Verbatim in MPEP

Required Actions

Key Interpretations

Topics

MPEP Coverage

Related Provisions