MPEP § 2412.03 — Nucleotides and Amino Acids Included and Excluded From a “Sequence Listing XML” (Annotated Rules)

§2412.03 Nucleotides and Amino Acids Included and Excluded From a “Sequence Listing XML”

USPTO MPEP version: BlueIron's Update: 2025-12-31

This page consolidates and annotates all enforceable requirements under MPEP § 2412.03, including statutory authority, regulatory rules, examiner guidance, and practice notes. It is provided as guidance, with links to the ground truth sources. This is information only, it is not legal advice.

Nucleotides and Amino Acids Included and Excluded From a “Sequence Listing XML”

This section addresses Nucleotides and Amino Acids Included and Excluded From a “Sequence Listing XML”. Primary authority: 37 CFR 1.832, 37 CFR 1.831, and 37 CFR 1.831(b). Contains: 4 requirements and 1 other statement.

Key Rules

Topic

Sequence Listing Content

5 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-2412-03-a6472d3b11b6815960eb5000]
Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences Must Be Disclosed
Note:
All applications with a filing date on or after July 1, 2022, must disclose one or more nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences as defined in 37 CFR 1.831(b).

[Editor Note: This section is applicable to all applications with a filing date, or, for national phase applications, an international filing date, on or after July 1, 2022, having disclosure of one or more nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences as defined in 37 CFR 1.831(b).]

37 CFR 1.77 · 37 CFR 1.831(b)Sequence Listing ContentSequence Listing RequirementsSequence Listing Format
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-2412-03-6860e424b8d8556b6f43cf44]
Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences Included in Sequence Listing
Note:
This rule defines what constitutes valid nucleotide and amino acid sequences for inclusion in a sequence listing.
(b) Nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences, as used in this section and §§ 1.832 through 1.835, encompass:
  • (1) An unbranched sequence or linear region of a branched sequence containing 4 or more specifically defined amino acids, wherein the amino acids form a single peptide backbone; or
  • (2) An unbranched sequence or linear region of a branched sequence of 10 or more specifically defined nucleotides, wherein adjacent nucleotides are joined by:
    • (i) A 3' to 5' (or 5' to 3') phosphodiester linkage; or
    • (ii) Any chemical bond that results in an arrangement of adjacent nucleobases that mimics the arrangement of nucleobases in naturally occurring nucleic acids (i.e., nucleotide analogs).
Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.832Sequence Listing ContentSequence Listing RequirementsSequence Listing Format
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-2412-03-0e17a0a434f488c70de94116]
Nucleotide Sequences Must Be Listed In Sequence Listing XML
Note:
Nucleotide sequences of 10 or more specifically defined nucleotides must be included in the 'Sequence Listing XML' as per MPEP sections.

Generally, nucleotide sequences that are an unbranched sequence or constitute a linear portion of a branched sequence of 10 or more specifically defined nucleotides are required to be listed in a “Sequence Listing XML.” See MPEP §§ 2412.03(d) and (e) for definitions of nucleotide and modified nucleotide, respectively. See MPEP § 2412.03(a) for definition of “specifically defined.”

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.831Sequence Listing ContentSequence Listing FormatSequence Listing Requirements
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-2412-03-2179fd6c5dbc5986edc6045e]
Amino Acid Sequences Must Be Listed in Sequence Listing XML
Note:
Amino acid sequences that are unbranched or part of a branched sequence of 4 or more specifically defined amino acids must be included in the Sequence Listing XML as per MPEP sections.

Similarly, amino acid sequences that are an unbranched sequence or constitute a linear portion of a branched sequence of 4 or more specifically defined amino acids are required to be listed in a “Sequence Listing XML.” See MPEP §§ 2412.03(b) and (c) for definitions of amino acid and modified amino acid, respectively. See MPEP § 2412.03(a) for definition of “specifically defined.”

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.831Sequence Listing ContentSequence Listing FormatSequence Listing Requirements
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-2412-03-59b213e7bc04d95fba53e1b1]
Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences Must Be Included in Sequence Listing XML
Note:
The rule requires that all nucleotide and amino acid sequences be included in the Sequence Listing XML for patent applications filed on or after July 1, 2022.

37 CFR 1.831(b) sets forth the nucleotide and amino acid sequences which must be included in a “Sequence Listing XML”. 37 CFR 1.831(j) specifies that any sequence having fewer than 10 specifically defined nucleotides, or fewer than 4 specifically defined amino acids must be excluded from any “Sequence listing XML.”

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.831(b)Sequence Listing ContentSequence Listing FormatSequence Listing Requirements
Topic

Sequence Listing Format

2 rules
StatutoryProhibitedAlways
[mpep-2412-03-b59d535ed16aeae3e0ef564c]
Minimum Sequence Lengths for Nucleotides and Amino Acids in Sequence Listing XML
Note:
A 'Sequence listing XML' must not include sequences with fewer than 10 nucleotides or fewer than 4 amino acids.

(j) A “Sequence listing XML” must not include any sequences having fewer than 10 specifically defined nucleotides, or fewer than 4 specifically defined amino acids.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.831Sequence Listing FormatSequence Listing RequirementsSequence Listing Content
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-2412-03-e213964af5011a1c3b528c8f]
Sequences Under 10 Nucleotides or 4 Amino Acids Excluded From Sequence Listing XML
Note:
Sequences containing fewer than 10 nucleotides or fewer than 4 amino acids must be excluded from the Sequence Listing XML in patent applications filed on or after July 1, 2022.

37 CFR 1.831(b) sets forth the nucleotide and amino acid sequences which must be included in a “Sequence Listing XML”. 37 CFR 1.831(j) specifies that any sequence having fewer than 10 specifically defined nucleotides, or fewer than 4 specifically defined amino acids must be excluded from any “Sequence listing XML.”

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.831(b)Sequence Listing FormatSequence Listing RequirementsSequence Listing Content

Citations

Primary topicCitation
Sequence Listing Content
Sequence Listing Format
37 CFR § 1.831(b)
Sequence Listing Content
Sequence Listing Format
37 CFR § 1.831(j)
Sequence Listing Content37 CFR § 1.832
Sequence Listing ContentMPEP § 2412.03(a)
Sequence Listing ContentMPEP § 2412.03(b)
Sequence Listing ContentMPEP § 2412.03(d)

Source Text from USPTO’s MPEP

This is an exact copy of the MPEP from the USPTO. It is here for your reference to see the section in context.

BlueIron Last Updated: 2025-12-31