MPEP § 2303.01 — Issuance and Suspension (Annotated Rules)

§2303.01 Issuance and Suspension

USPTO MPEP version: BlueIron's Update: 2025-12-31

This page consolidates and annotates all enforceable requirements under MPEP § 2303.01, including statutory authority, regulatory rules, examiner guidance, and practice notes. It is provided as guidance, with links to the ground truth sources. This is information only, it is not legal advice.

Issuance and Suspension

This section addresses Issuance and Suspension. Primary authority: 35 U.S.C. 154(b)(1), 35 U.S.C. 102(g), and 35 U.S.C. 135(a). Contains: 2 prohibitions, 8 guidance statements, 1 permission, and 5 other statements.

Key Rules

Topic

Determining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIA

7 rules
StatutoryProhibitedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-40887411f46d40b2c0e4ada0]
No Interference Between Two Patents
Note:
An interference cannot be declared between two patents, even if one has an earlier filing date. Instead, an interference should be suggested for applications subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g).

A claim of patent A and a claim of application B, which is subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), interfere. Examination of application B is completed. An interference may not be declared between two patents. See pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 135(a). Consequently, the interfering claim in application B should not be passed to issue, even if it has an earlier effective filing date than patent A. Instead, an interference should be suggested.

Jump to MPEP SourceDetermining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIADetermining AIA vs Pre-AIA Applicability (MPEP 2159)Statutory Authority for Examination
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-2881fbbf2484d5f608bf6e2a]
Interfering Claim from Pre-AIA Application Not Issuable
Note:
An interfering claim in a pre-AIA application, even if it predates a patent's effective filing date, cannot be issued.

A claim of patent A and a claim of application B, which is subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), interfere. Examination of application B is completed. An interference may not be declared between two patents. See pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 135(a). Consequently, the interfering claim in application B should not be passed to issue, even if it has an earlier effective filing date than patent A. Instead, an interference should be suggested.

Jump to MPEP SourceDetermining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIADetermining AIA vs Pre-AIA Applicability (MPEP 2159)Application Requisites for Examination
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-3f1618140dea15f5a9dc61cc]
Interference Should Be Suggested Instead of Issuance
Note:
Instead of issuing a claim from application B, an interference should be suggested with patent A due to their conflicting claims.

A claim of patent A and a claim of application B, which is subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), interfere. Examination of application B is completed. An interference may not be declared between two patents. See pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 135(a). Consequently, the interfering claim in application B should not be passed to issue, even if it has an earlier effective filing date than patent A. Instead, an interference should be suggested.

Jump to MPEP SourceDetermining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIADetermining AIA vs Pre-AIA Applicability (MPEP 2159)Statutory Authority for Examination
StatutoryProhibitedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-131ea23f66dff62be9fb4f4d]
Interference When Applications Are Ready to Issue
Note:
If two pre-AIA applications are ready to issue and have interfering claims, an interference may be suggested if their filing dates are within six months. Otherwise, the earlier application should issue without interference.

Two applications, E and F, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Both are ready to issue. (Such ties should be extremely rare; suspensions must not be used to create such ties.) If the applications have their earliest effective filing dates within six months of each other, then an interference may be suggested. If, however, application E’s earliest effective filing date is more than six months before application F’s earliest effective filing date, then application E should issue. If application E (or the resulting patent E) is available as prior art (under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g)) against application F, then a rejection should be made. If not, a requirement under 37 CFR 41.202(d) to show priority should be made. See MPEP § 2305.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 41.202(d)Determining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIADetermining AIA vs Pre-AIA Applicability (MPEP 2159)AIA vs Pre-AIA Practice
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-1f21645975c3d1e4957cba18]
Interference May Be Suggested If Applications Have Early Filing Dates Within Six Months
Note:
If two applications have their earliest effective filing dates within six months of each other, an interference may be suggested. Otherwise, the application with the earlier filing date should issue.

Two applications, E and F, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Both are ready to issue. (Such ties should be extremely rare; suspensions must not be used to create such ties.) If the applications have their earliest effective filing dates within six months of each other, then an interference may be suggested. If, however, application E’s earliest effective filing date is more than six months before application F’s earliest effective filing date, then application E should issue. If application E (or the resulting patent E) is available as prior art (under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g)) against application F, then a rejection should be made. If not, a requirement under 37 CFR 41.202(d) to show priority should be made. See MPEP § 2305.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 41.202(d)Determining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIADetermining AIA vs Pre-AIA Applicability (MPEP 2159)AIA vs Pre-AIA Practice
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-1ff87a162fb0fbe730987535]
Earlier Filed Application Issues First
Note:
If application E’s earliest effective filing date is more than six months before application F, then application E should issue first.

Two applications, E and F, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Both are ready to issue. (Such ties should be extremely rare; suspensions must not be used to create such ties.) If the applications have their earliest effective filing dates within six months of each other, then an interference may be suggested. If, however, application E’s earliest effective filing date is more than six months before application F’s earliest effective filing date, then application E should issue. If application E (or the resulting patent E) is available as prior art (under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g)) against application F, then a rejection should be made. If not, a requirement under 37 CFR 41.202(d) to show priority should be made. See MPEP § 2305.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 41.202(d)Determining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIADetermining AIA vs Pre-AIA Applicability (MPEP 2159)AIA vs Pre-AIA Practice
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-def04832e93dd2eb60ec4134]
Requirement to Show Priority for Non-Prior Art Application
Note:
If an application is not available as prior art, a requirement under 37 CFR 41.202(d) must be made to show priority.

Two applications, E and F, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Both are ready to issue. (Such ties should be extremely rare; suspensions must not be used to create such ties.) If the applications have their earliest effective filing dates within six months of each other, then an interference may be suggested. If, however, application E’s earliest effective filing date is more than six months before application F’s earliest effective filing date, then application E should issue. If application E (or the resulting patent E) is available as prior art (under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g)) against application F, then a rejection should be made. If not, a requirement under 37 CFR 41.202(d) to show priority should be made. See MPEP § 2305.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 41.202(d)Determining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIADetermining AIA vs Pre-AIA Applicability (MPEP 2159)AIA vs Pre-AIA Practice
Topic

AIA vs Pre-AIA Practice

4 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-2303-01-73b7400b9c86aba2974d0711]
Interference Claim Not Issuable for Pre-AIA Application
Note:
An interfering claim in a pre-AIA application cannot be passed to issue even if it predates a patent.

A claim of patent A and a claim of application B, which is subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), interfere. Examination of application B is completed. An interference may not be declared between two patents. See pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 135(a). Consequently, the interfering claim in application B should not be passed to issue, even if it has an earlier effective filing date than patent A. Instead, an interference should be suggested.

Jump to MPEP SourceAIA vs Pre-AIA PracticeDetermining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIADetermining AIA vs Pre-AIA Applicability (MPEP 2159)
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-2303-01-f11a5eb70537f49cd084b761]
Pending Application C Can Issue Before D
Note:
Application C can issue before D even if it has a later filing date, as long as D is not yet published.

Two applications, C and D, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Examination of application C is completed and all claims are allowable. Examination of application D is not completed. Application C should be issued promptly. If application C has an earlier effective U.S. filing date when issued as patent C, or when published as application publication C, it may be available as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), against application D. However, even if application C’s effective filing date is later than application D’s effective filing date, application C should issue, assuming application D has not published as an application publication. Until examination of application D is completed, it is not known whether application D should be in interference with application C, so suspension of application C will rarely, if ever, be justified.

Jump to MPEP SourceAIA vs Pre-AIA PracticeReferences Cited ReviewDetermining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIA
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-2303-01-4565ee7f6874437c2f2f7da8]
Interference Between Pre-AIA Applications E and F
Note:
This rule outlines the conditions under which an interference may be suggested between two pre-AIA applications, E and F, with interfering claims that are both ready to issue.

Two applications, E and F, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Both are ready to issue. (Such ties should be extremely rare; suspensions must not be used to create such ties.) If the applications have their earliest effective filing dates within six months of each other, then an interference may be suggested. If, however, application E’s earliest effective filing date is more than six months before application F’s earliest effective filing date, then application E should issue. If application E (or the resulting patent E) is available as prior art (under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g)) against application F, then a rejection should be made. If not, a requirement under 37 CFR 41.202(d) to show priority should be made. See MPEP § 2305.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 41.202(d)AIA vs Pre-AIA PracticeDetermining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIADetermining AIA vs Pre-AIA Applicability (MPEP 2159)
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-f2b82af8a8560422335c61fc]
Rejection When E is Prior Art Against F
Note:
If application E (or resulting patent E) serves as prior art against application F, a rejection must be made.

Two applications, E and F, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Both are ready to issue. (Such ties should be extremely rare; suspensions must not be used to create such ties.) If the applications have their earliest effective filing dates within six months of each other, then an interference may be suggested. If, however, application E’s earliest effective filing date is more than six months before application F’s earliest effective filing date, then application E should issue. If application E (or the resulting patent E) is available as prior art (under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g)) against application F, then a rejection should be made. If not, a requirement under 37 CFR 41.202(d) to show priority should be made. See MPEP § 2305.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 41.202(d)AIA vs Pre-AIA PracticeDetermining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIADetermining AIA vs Pre-AIA Applicability (MPEP 2159)
Topic

Statutory Authority for Examination

3 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-2303-01-9fed6d3b26f55fd1a73a691e]
Interference Claim Not Issuable After B Examined
Note:
An interfering claim in application B cannot be passed to issue after examination is completed, even if it predates patent A's filing date.

A claim of patent A and a claim of application B, which is subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), interfere. Examination of application B is completed. An interference may not be declared between two patents. See pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 135(a). Consequently, the interfering claim in application B should not be passed to issue, even if it has an earlier effective filing date than patent A. Instead, an interference should be suggested.

Jump to MPEP SourceStatutory Authority for ExaminationExamination ProceduresDetermining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIA
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-2303-01-54c5277f75394729c0cc1492]
Examination of Application D Not Completed
Note:
Ensures application C issues promptly even if its filing date is later than D, as examination of D has not been completed.

Two applications, C and D, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Examination of application C is completed and all claims are allowable. Examination of application D is not completed. Application C should be issued promptly. If application C has an earlier effective U.S. filing date when issued as patent C, or when published as application publication C, it may be available as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), against application D. However, even if application C’s effective filing date is later than application D’s effective filing date, application C should issue, assuming application D has not published as an application publication. Until examination of application D is completed, it is not known whether application D should be in interference with application C, so suspension of application C will rarely, if ever, be justified.

Jump to MPEP SourceStatutory Authority for ExaminationExamination ProceduresReferences Cited Review
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-3eb933c564ed699b6bb6bcf5]
Suspension of Application C Not Justified Until D's Examination
Note:
Application C should not be suspended from issuance due to potential interference with application D until D’s examination is completed.

Two applications, C and D, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Examination of application C is completed and all claims are allowable. Examination of application D is not completed. Application C should be issued promptly. If application C has an earlier effective U.S. filing date when issued as patent C, or when published as application publication C, it may be available as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), against application D. However, even if application C’s effective filing date is later than application D’s effective filing date, application C should issue, assuming application D has not published as an application publication. Until examination of application D is completed, it is not known whether application D should be in interference with application C, so suspension of application C will rarely, if ever, be justified.

Jump to MPEP SourceStatutory Authority for ExaminationExamination ProceduresReferences Cited Review
Topic

References Cited Review

2 rules
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-aa31b0f7accc39741ec2ba7f]
Prompt Issuance of Application C Required
Note:
Examination of application C must be completed promptly, even if it has a later filing date than D, to ensure timely publication and potential use as prior art.

Two applications, C and D, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Examination of application C is completed and all claims are allowable. Examination of application D is not completed. Application C should be issued promptly. If application C has an earlier effective U.S. filing date when issued as patent C, or when published as application publication C, it may be available as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), against application D. However, even if application C’s effective filing date is later than application D’s effective filing date, application C should issue, assuming application D has not published as an application publication. Until examination of application D is completed, it is not known whether application D should be in interference with application C, so suspension of application C will rarely, if ever, be justified.

Jump to MPEP SourceReferences Cited ReviewDetermining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIAExaminer's Action at Allowance
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-7d05cfdb2eb4463bbc9ec39f]
Earlier Filing Date as Prior Art Against D
Note:
If application C has an earlier filing date, it can serve as prior art against application D's claims.

Two applications, C and D, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Examination of application C is completed and all claims are allowable. Examination of application D is not completed. Application C should be issued promptly. If application C has an earlier effective U.S. filing date when issued as patent C, or when published as application publication C, it may be available as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), against application D. However, even if application C’s effective filing date is later than application D’s effective filing date, application C should issue, assuming application D has not published as an application publication. Until examination of application D is completed, it is not known whether application D should be in interference with application C, so suspension of application C will rarely, if ever, be justified.

Jump to MPEP SourceReferences Cited ReviewDetermining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIADetermining AIA vs Pre-AIA Applicability (MPEP 2159)
Topic

Patent Eligibility

1 rules
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-2303-01-871717a5210afa39dbe32ede]
Suspensions Should Rarely Be Used for Patent Issuance
Note:
The rule emphasizes that suspensions should be rarely, if ever, used and applications with allowed claims must be issued as soon as possible to ensure timely patent term adjustments.

Since applicants may be eligible for patent term adjustments to offset delays in examination, pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 154(b)(1), it is important that suspensions should rarely, if ever, be used and that applications with allowed claims be issued to the greatest extent possible.

Jump to MPEP SourcePatent EligibilityPatent Term BasicsAIA vs Pre-AIA Practice
Topic

Examiner's Action at Allowance

1 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-2303-01-5b0964ff04a619f63735bfcb]
Allowance of Application C Requires Prompt Issuance
Note:
Examination of application C is completed and all claims are allowable, requiring prompt issuance regardless of D's filing date.

Two applications, C and D, which are both subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), with interfering claims are pending. Examination of application C is completed and all claims are allowable. Examination of application D is not completed. Application C should be issued promptly. If application C has an earlier effective U.S. filing date when issued as patent C, or when published as application publication C, it may be available as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e), or where applicable pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g), against application D. However, even if application C’s effective filing date is later than application D’s effective filing date, application C should issue, assuming application D has not published as an application publication. Until examination of application D is completed, it is not known whether application D should be in interference with application C, so suspension of application C will rarely, if ever, be justified.

Jump to MPEP SourceExaminer's Action at AllowanceAllowance PracticeStatutory Authority for Examination

Citations

Primary topicCitation
AIA vs Pre-AIA Practice
Determining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIA
35 U.S.C. § 102(a)
AIA vs Pre-AIA Practice
Examiner's Action at Allowance
References Cited Review
Statutory Authority for Examination
35 U.S.C. § 102(e)
AIA vs Pre-AIA Practice
Determining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIA
Examiner's Action at Allowance
References Cited Review
Statutory Authority for Examination
35 U.S.C. § 102(g)
AIA vs Pre-AIA Practice
Determining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIA
Statutory Authority for Examination
35 U.S.C. § 135(a)
Patent Eligibility35 U.S.C. § 154(b)(1)
AIA vs Pre-AIA Practice
Determining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIA
37 CFR § 41.202(d)
AIA vs Pre-AIA Practice
Determining Whether Application Is AIA or Pre-AIA
MPEP § 2305

Source Text from USPTO’s MPEP

This is an exact copy of the MPEP from the USPTO. It is here for your reference to see the section in context.

BlueIron Last Updated: 2025-12-31