MPEP § 1215.01 — Withdrawal of Appeal (Annotated Rules)

§1215.01 Withdrawal of Appeal

USPTO MPEP version: BlueIron's Update: 2025-12-31

This page consolidates and annotates all enforceable requirements under MPEP § 1215.01, including statutory authority, regulatory rules, examiner guidance, and practice notes. It is provided as guidance, with links to the ground truth sources. This is information only, it is not legal advice.

Withdrawal of Appeal

This section addresses Withdrawal of Appeal. Primary authority: 37 CFR 41.37, 37 CFR 41.35(a), and 37 CFR 1.114. Contains: 1 guidance statement, 2 permissions, and 2 other statements.

Key Rules

Topic

Ex Parte Appeals to PTAB

7 rules
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-5aad77634b18ef6dc0ebe4be]
Appellant May Reply to New Ground of Rejection Within Two Months
Note:
An appellant may file a reply addressing new grounds of rejection within two months from the examiner’s answer.

Once appellant has filed a notice of appeal, appellant also may request that prosecution be reopened for the following situations (A) In response to a new ground of rejection made in an examiner’s answer, appellant may file a reply in compliance with 37 CFR 1.111 that addresses the new ground of rejection within two months from the mailing of the examiner’s answer (see MPEP § 1207.03).

Jump to MPEP SourceEx Parte Appeals to PTABNotice of Appeal FilingNotice of Appeal
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1215-01-2dc5f8e8446724a65e860a9e]
Allowed Claims Retained, Dependent Claims Rejected
Note:
When claim 1 is allowed and claims 2 and 3 are rejected, the examiner should cancel claims 2 and 3 and issue the application with only claim 1.

Upon the withdrawal of an appeal, an application having no allowed claims is abandoned, and a notice of abandonment should be mailed. Claims which are allowable except for their dependency from rejected claims will be treated as if they were rejected. The following examples illustrate the appropriate approach to be taken by the examiner in various situations (A) Claim 1 is allowed; claims 2 and 3 are rejected. The examiner should cancel claims 2 and 3 and issue the application with claim 1 only.

Jump to MPEP SourceEx Parte Appeals to PTAB
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-fa4d0ed229d2772a33b0f220]
Claims 2 and 3 Cancelled, Claim 1 Issued Only
Note:
The examiner must cancel claims 2 and 3 and issue the application with claim 1 only upon withdrawal of an appeal where no claims are allowed.

Upon the withdrawal of an appeal, an application having no allowed claims is abandoned, and a notice of abandonment should be mailed. Claims which are allowable except for their dependency from rejected claims will be treated as if they were rejected. The following examples illustrate the appropriate approach to be taken by the examiner in various situations (A) Claim 1 is allowed; claims 2 and 3 are rejected. The examiner should cancel claims 2 and 3 and issue the application with claim 1 only.

Jump to MPEP SourceEx Parte Appeals to PTAB
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1215-01-47d3eca7bebf8eddf8cbcce4]
Rejected Claims Abandon Application
Note:
When claims 1-3 are rejected, the application is considered abandoned and a notice of abandonment should be mailed.

Upon the withdrawal of an appeal, an application having no allowed claims is abandoned, and a notice of abandonment should be mailed. Claims which are allowable except for their dependency from rejected claims will be treated as if they were rejected. The following examples illustrate the appropriate approach to be taken by the examiner in various situations:

(B) Claims 1 – 3 are rejected.

Jump to MPEP SourceEx Parte Appeals to PTAB
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-99d489c6a491065f914e2254]
Application Abandoned on Appeal Withdrawal
Note:
The examiner should declare the application abandoned upon withdrawal of an appeal if it contains no allowed claims.

Upon the withdrawal of an appeal, an application having no allowed claims is abandoned, and a notice of abandonment should be mailed. Claims which are allowable except for their dependency from rejected claims will be treated as if they were rejected. The following examples illustrate the appropriate approach to be taken by the examiner in various situations:

The examiner should hold the application abandoned.

Jump to MPEP SourceEx Parte Appeals to PTAB
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1215-01-7c77e51158fecb18ae73629f]
Claims Dependent on Rejected Claims Are Treated as Rejected
Note:
If claim 2 depends on rejected claim 1, it will be treated as rejected and the application will be abandoned.

Upon the withdrawal of an appeal, an application having no allowed claims is abandoned, and a notice of abandonment should be mailed. Claims which are allowable except for their dependency from rejected claims will be treated as if they were rejected. The following examples illustrate the appropriate approach to be taken by the examiner in various situations:

(C) Claim 1 is rejected and claim 2 is objected to as being allowable except for its dependency from claim 1.

Jump to MPEP SourceEx Parte Appeals to PTAB
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-a0d47fadd864c05cb7d97045]
Abandonment for Missing Claim Redraft
Note:
The examiner must abandon the application if claim 2 cannot be redrafted into independent form within the remaining time period.

Upon the withdrawal of an appeal, an application having no allowed claims is abandoned, and a notice of abandonment should be mailed. Claims which are allowable except for their dependency from rejected claims will be treated as if they were rejected. The following examples illustrate the appropriate approach to be taken by the examiner in various situations:

The examiner should hold the application abandoned as there is no remaining time period to redraft claim 2 in independent form.

Jump to MPEP SourceEx Parte Appeals to PTAB
Topic

Abandonment & Appeals

3 rules
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-c99bfb3391786953561fa9b5]
Notification Required for Refiled Appeals
Note:
Applicants must inform the Board promptly in writing when they decide to refile or abandon an appeal, to prevent decision rendering.

To avoid the rendering of decisions by the Board in applications which have already been refiled as continuations, applicants should promptly inform the Clerk of the Board in writing as soon as they have positively decided to refile or to abandon an application containing an appeal awaiting a decision. Applicants also should advise the Board when an RCE is filed in an application containing an appeal awaiting decision. Failure to exercise appropriate diligence in this matter may result in the Board refusing an otherwise proper request to vacate its decision.

Jump to MPEP SourceAbandonment & AppealsPTAB JurisdictionAbandonment & Revival
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-416a2b8f92b488ef82c02b69]
Notify Board of RCE in Appeal-Waiting Application
Note:
Applicants must inform the Board when filing an RCE in an application containing a pending appeal.

To avoid the rendering of decisions by the Board in applications which have already been refiled as continuations, applicants should promptly inform the Clerk of the Board in writing as soon as they have positively decided to refile or to abandon an application containing an appeal awaiting a decision. Applicants also should advise the Board when an RCE is filed in an application containing an appeal awaiting decision. Failure to exercise appropriate diligence in this matter may result in the Board refusing an otherwise proper request to vacate its decision.

Jump to MPEP SourceAbandonment & AppealsPTAB JurisdictionPTAB Contested Case Procedures
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-c17450d503748c3f240abd2c]
Prompt Notification Required for Abandoned Appeals
Note:
Applicants must promptly notify the Board of refiled or abandoned appeals to avoid decision vacatur.

To avoid the rendering of decisions by the Board in applications which have already been refiled as continuations, applicants should promptly inform the Clerk of the Board in writing as soon as they have positively decided to refile or to abandon an application containing an appeal awaiting a decision. Applicants also should advise the Board when an RCE is filed in an application containing an appeal awaiting decision. Failure to exercise appropriate diligence in this matter may result in the Board refusing an otherwise proper request to vacate its decision.

Jump to MPEP SourceAbandonment & AppealsPTAB JurisdictionPTAB Contested Case Procedures
Topic

Reexamination Certificate

3 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1215-01-43b7b0f12d8fc6c0afb761e8]
Claims Dependent on Rejected Claims Are Treated as Rejected
Note:
Claims that are allowable except for their dependency from rejected claims should be treated as if they were rejected and canceled, leaving only the independent claim allowed.

Upon the withdrawal of an appeal, an application having no allowed claims is abandoned, and a notice of abandonment should be mailed. Claims which are allowable except for their dependency from rejected claims will be treated as if they were rejected. The following examples illustrate the appropriate approach to be taken by the examiner in various situations:

(D) Claim 1 is rejected and claim 2 is objected to as being allowable except for its dependency from claim 1; independent claim 3 is allowed.

Jump to MPEP SourceReexamination CertificateAppeals in ReexaminationConclusion of Ex Parte Reexamination
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-a4100102b8077681789da1c3]
Claims 1 and 2 Cancelled, Claim 3 Allowed
Note:
The examiner must cancel claims 1 and 2 and issue the application with claim 3 only upon withdrawal of appeal.

Upon the withdrawal of an appeal, an application having no allowed claims is abandoned, and a notice of abandonment should be mailed. Claims which are allowable except for their dependency from rejected claims will be treated as if they were rejected. The following examples illustrate the appropriate approach to be taken by the examiner in various situations:

The examiner should cancel claims 1 and 2 and issue the application or ex parte reexamination certificate with claim 3 only.

Jump to MPEP SourceReexamination CertificateConclusion of Ex Parte ReexaminationEx Parte Reexamination
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-e17daf4aa26769c530c2f715]
Ex Parte Reexamination Certificate Required
Note:
An ex parte reexamination certificate must be issued under 37 CFR 1.570 in an ex parte reexamination proceeding.

In an ex parte reexamination proceeding, an ex parte reexamination certificate should be issued under 37 CFR 1.570.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.570Reexamination CertificateConclusion of Ex Parte ReexaminationEx Parte Reexamination
Topic

Allowance After Appeal or RCE

2 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1215-01-a5cc8ddecf2bd9ac43bdcc44]
RCE Not Applicable to Pre-1995 Utility/Plant Patents, Designs, or Reexaminations
Note:
The RCE practice under 37 CFR 1.114 does not apply to utility or plant patent applications filed before June 8, 1995, design applications, or reexamination proceedings.

Prior to a decision by the Board, if an applicant wishes to withdraw an application from appeal and to reopen prosecution of the application, applicant can file a request for continued examination (RCE) under 37 CFR 1.114, accompanied by a submission (i.e., a reply responsive within the meaning of 37 CFR 1.111 to the last outstanding Office action) and the RCE fee set forth under 37 CFR 1.17(e). Note that the RCE practice under 37 CFR 1.114 does not apply to utility or plant patent applications filed before June 8, 1995, design applications, or reexamination proceedings. See 37 CFR 1.114(d) and MPEP § 706.07(h), subsection X., for more details. An appeal brief or reply brief (or related papers) is not a submission under 37 CFR 1.114, unless the transmittal letter of the RCE contains a statement that incorporates by reference the arguments in a previously filed appeal brief or reply brief. See MPEP § 706.07(h), subsection II. The filing of an RCE will be treated as a withdrawal of the appeal by the applicant, regardless of whether the RCE includes the appropriate fee or a submission. Therefore, when an RCE is filed without the appropriate fee or a submission in an application that has no allowed claims, the application will be considered abandoned. To avoid abandonment, the RCE should be filed in compliance with 37 CFR 1.114. See MPEP § 706.07(h), subsections I-II.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.114Allowance After Appeal or RCERCE Filing RequirementsRCE vs Continuation Application
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-cefff4be54ec7ce9830499a3]
Requirement for Proper RCE Filing to Avoid Abandonment
Note:
To avoid abandonment, an RCE must be filed in compliance with 37 CFR 1.114 and include a submission responsive to the last Office action.

Prior to a decision by the Board, if an applicant wishes to withdraw an application from appeal and to reopen prosecution of the application, applicant can file a request for continued examination (RCE) under 37 CFR 1.114, accompanied by a submission (i.e., a reply responsive within the meaning of 37 CFR 1.111 to the last outstanding Office action) and the RCE fee set forth under 37 CFR 1.17(e). Note that the RCE practice under 37 CFR 1.114 does not apply to utility or plant patent applications filed before June 8, 1995, design applications, or reexamination proceedings. See 37 CFR 1.114(d) and MPEP § 706.07(h), subsection X., for more details. An appeal brief or reply brief (or related papers) is not a submission under 37 CFR 1.114, unless the transmittal letter of the RCE contains a statement that incorporates by reference the arguments in a previously filed appeal brief or reply brief. See MPEP § 706.07(h), subsection II. The filing of an RCE will be treated as a withdrawal of the appeal by the applicant, regardless of whether the RCE includes the appropriate fee or a submission. Therefore, when an RCE is filed without the appropriate fee or a submission in an application that has no allowed claims, the application will be considered abandoned. To avoid abandonment, the RCE should be filed in compliance with 37 CFR 1.114. See MPEP § 706.07(h), subsections I-II.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.114Allowance After Appeal or RCERCE Filing RequirementsRCE vs Continuation Application
Topic

Abandonment & Revival

1 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1215-01-4635e6bf93d1ba57b3b0911a]
Effective Abandonment Date Determined by Official Recognition
Note:
The effective date of abandonment is determined by the official recognition of the letter by an appropriate Office official or as specified in the letter itself.

Where a letter abandoning the application is filed in accordance with 37 CFR 1.138, the effective date of abandonment is the date of recognition of the letter by an appropriate official of the Office or a different date, if so specified in the letter itself. See MPEP § 711.01.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.138Abandonment & RevivalAbandonment & AppealsAbandonment Status & Records
Topic

Appeal Withdrawal and Dismissal

1 rules
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-a2ee0f521f817e0568cad1b2]
Application Returned to Examiner on Appeal Withdrawal Before Board Transfer
Note:
If a brief is filed within the time limit and an answer mailed, and appellant withdraws appeal before jurisdiction transfer to the Board, the application returns to the examiner.

If a brief has been filed within the time permitted by 37 CFR 41.37 (or any extension thereof) and an answer mailed and appellant withdraws the appeal prior to transfer of jurisdiction to the Board under 37 CFR 41.35(a), the application is returned to the examiner. If appellant withdraws the appeal after jurisdiction has been transferred to the Board, dismissal of the appeal will be handled by the Board.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 41.37Appeal Withdrawal and DismissalPTAB JurisdictionEx Parte Appeals to PTAB
Topic

Grounds for Dismissal of Appeal

1 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1215-01-0daa6c5863d414adc2c7c1aa]
Board Handles Appeal Withdrawal After Transfer
Note:
If appellant withdraws the appeal after jurisdiction has been transferred to the Board, the Board will handle the dismissal.

If a brief has been filed within the time permitted by 37 CFR 41.37 (or any extension thereof) and an answer mailed and appellant withdraws the appeal prior to transfer of jurisdiction to the Board under 37 CFR 41.35(a), the application is returned to the examiner. If appellant withdraws the appeal after jurisdiction has been transferred to the Board, dismissal of the appeal will be handled by the Board.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 41.37Grounds for Dismissal of AppealAppeal Withdrawal and DismissalPTAB Jurisdiction
Topic

Examiner Sustained – Amendment Options

1 rules
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-874c76414b42415111209fd4]
RCE Requirement for Withdrawal of Appeal
Note:
An applicant must file a request for continued examination (RCE) with a responsive submission and fee to withdraw an appeal and reopen prosecution.

Prior to a decision by the Board, if an applicant wishes to withdraw an application from appeal and to reopen prosecution of the application, applicant can file a request for continued examination (RCE) under 37 CFR 1.114, accompanied by a submission (i.e., a reply responsive within the meaning of 37 CFR 1.111 to the last outstanding Office action) and the RCE fee set forth under 37 CFR 1.17(e). Note that the RCE practice under 37 CFR 1.114 does not apply to utility or plant patent applications filed before June 8, 1995, design applications, or reexamination proceedings. See 37 CFR 1.114(d) and MPEP § 706.07(h), subsection X., for more details. An appeal brief or reply brief (or related papers) is not a submission under 37 CFR 1.114, unless the transmittal letter of the RCE contains a statement that incorporates by reference the arguments in a previously filed appeal brief or reply brief. See MPEP § 706.07(h), subsection II. The filing of an RCE will be treated as a withdrawal of the appeal by the applicant, regardless of whether the RCE includes the appropriate fee or a submission. Therefore, when an RCE is filed without the appropriate fee or a submission in an application that has no allowed claims, the application will be considered abandoned. To avoid abandonment, the RCE should be filed in compliance with 37 CFR 1.114. See MPEP § 706.07(h), subsections I-II.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.114Examiner Sustained – Amendment OptionsReopening Prosecution After AppealAllowance After Appeal or RCE
Topic

Reply Brief Filing

1 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1215-01-14217d4075415d91295d19db]
RCE Requires Incorporating Previous Appeal Brief
Note:
An appeal brief or reply brief is not considered a submission under 37 CFR 1.114 unless the RCE letter references it by including a statement that incorporates its arguments.

Prior to a decision by the Board, if an applicant wishes to withdraw an application from appeal and to reopen prosecution of the application, applicant can file a request for continued examination (RCE) under 37 CFR 1.114, accompanied by a submission (i.e., a reply responsive within the meaning of 37 CFR 1.111 to the last outstanding Office action) and the RCE fee set forth under 37 CFR 1.17(e). Note that the RCE practice under 37 CFR 1.114 does not apply to utility or plant patent applications filed before June 8, 1995, design applications, or reexamination proceedings. See 37 CFR 1.114(d) and MPEP § 706.07(h), subsection X., for more details. An appeal brief or reply brief (or related papers) is not a submission under 37 CFR 1.114, unless the transmittal letter of the RCE contains a statement that incorporates by reference the arguments in a previously filed appeal brief or reply brief. See MPEP § 706.07(h), subsection II. The filing of an RCE will be treated as a withdrawal of the appeal by the applicant, regardless of whether the RCE includes the appropriate fee or a submission. Therefore, when an RCE is filed without the appropriate fee or a submission in an application that has no allowed claims, the application will be considered abandoned. To avoid abandonment, the RCE should be filed in compliance with 37 CFR 1.114. See MPEP § 706.07(h), subsections I-II.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.114Reply Brief FilingAllowance After Appeal or RCERCE Filing Requirements
Topic

Examiner Reversed – Allowance Procedure

1 rules
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-1215-01-3e7847223cc0a919c3c93a98]
RCE Without Fee or Submission Treats as Appeal Withdrawal
Note:
An RCE filed without the appropriate fee or submission in an application with no allowed claims will be treated as a withdrawal of the appeal and result in abandonment.

Prior to a decision by the Board, if an applicant wishes to withdraw an application from appeal and to reopen prosecution of the application, applicant can file a request for continued examination (RCE) under 37 CFR 1.114, accompanied by a submission (i.e., a reply responsive within the meaning of 37 CFR 1.111 to the last outstanding Office action) and the RCE fee set forth under 37 CFR 1.17(e). Note that the RCE practice under 37 CFR 1.114 does not apply to utility or plant patent applications filed before June 8, 1995, design applications, or reexamination proceedings. See 37 CFR 1.114(d) and MPEP § 706.07(h), subsection X., for more details. An appeal brief or reply brief (or related papers) is not a submission under 37 CFR 1.114, unless the transmittal letter of the RCE contains a statement that incorporates by reference the arguments in a previously filed appeal brief or reply brief. See MPEP § 706.07(h), subsection II. The filing of an RCE will be treated as a withdrawal of the appeal by the applicant, regardless of whether the RCE includes the appropriate fee or a submission. Therefore, when an RCE is filed without the appropriate fee or a submission in an application that has no allowed claims, the application will be considered abandoned. To avoid abandonment, the RCE should be filed in compliance with 37 CFR 1.114. See MPEP § 706.07(h), subsections I-II.

Jump to MPEP Source · 37 CFR 1.114Examiner Reversed – Allowance ProcedureAllowance After Appeal or RCERCE Filing Requirements
Topic

Notice of Appeal Filing

1 rules
StatutoryPermittedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-9d8d820f8c3e769ee285dc63]
Appellant May Request Reopening Prosecution After Appeal
Note:
An appellant who has filed a notice of appeal may request that prosecution be reopened in response to new grounds of rejection or a substitute examiner’s answer.
Once appellant has filed a notice of appeal, appellant also may request that prosecution be reopened for the following situations:
  • (A) In response to a new ground of rejection made in an examiner’s answer, appellant may file a reply in compliance with 37 CFR 1.111 that addresses the new ground of rejection within two months from the mailing of the examiner’s answer (see MPEP § 1207.03).
  • (B) In response to a substitute examiner’s answer that is written in response to a remand by the Board for further consideration of a rejection under 37 CFR 41.50(a), appellant may file a reply in compliance with 37 CFR 1.111 that addresses the rejection in the substitute answer within two months from the mailing of the substitute answer (see MPEP § 1207.05).
Jump to MPEP SourceNotice of Appeal FilingNotice of AppealEx Parte Appeals to PTAB
Topic

Appeals in Reexamination

1 rules
StatutoryRecommendedAlways
[mpep-1215-01-b85dd5e489aef602870e08dc]
Application Abandoned if No Allowed Claims After Appeal Withdrawal
Note:
An application is abandoned and a notice of abandonment mailed if no claims are allowed after appeal withdrawal. Claims dependent on rejected claims are treated as rejected.
Upon the withdrawal of an appeal, an application having no allowed claims is abandoned, and a notice of abandonment should be mailed. Claims which are allowable except for their dependency from rejected claims will be treated as if they were rejected. The following examples illustrate the appropriate approach to be taken by the examiner in various situations:
  • (A) Claim 1 is allowed; claims 2 and 3 are rejected. The examiner should cancel claims 2 and 3 and issue the application with claim 1 only.
  • (B) Claims 1 – 3 are rejected. The examiner should hold the application abandoned.
  • (C) Claim 1 is rejected and claim 2 is objected to as being allowable except for its dependency from claim 1. The examiner should hold the application abandoned as there is no remaining time period to redraft claim 2 in independent form.
  • (D) Claim 1 is rejected and claim 2 is objected to as being allowable except for its dependency from claim 1; independent claim 3 is allowed. The examiner should cancel claims 1 and 2 and issue the application or ex parte reexamination certificate with claim 3 only.
Jump to MPEP SourceAppeals in ReexaminationReexamination CertificateConclusion of Ex Parte Reexamination

Citations

Primary topicCitation
Allowance After Appeal or RCE
Ex Parte Appeals to PTAB
Examiner Reversed – Allowance Procedure
Examiner Sustained – Amendment Options
Notice of Appeal Filing
Reply Brief Filing
37 CFR § 1.111
Allowance After Appeal or RCE
Examiner Reversed – Allowance Procedure
Examiner Sustained – Amendment Options
Reply Brief Filing
37 CFR § 1.114
Allowance After Appeal or RCE
Examiner Reversed – Allowance Procedure
Examiner Sustained – Amendment Options
Reply Brief Filing
37 CFR § 1.114(d)
Abandonment & Revival37 CFR § 1.138
Allowance After Appeal or RCE
Examiner Reversed – Allowance Procedure
Examiner Sustained – Amendment Options
Reply Brief Filing
37 CFR § 1.17(e)
Reexamination Certificate37 CFR § 1.570
Appeal Withdrawal and Dismissal
Grounds for Dismissal of Appeal
37 CFR § 41.35(a)
Appeal Withdrawal and Dismissal
Grounds for Dismissal of Appeal
37 CFR § 41.37
Notice of Appeal Filing37 CFR § 41.50(a)
Ex Parte Appeals to PTAB
Notice of Appeal Filing
MPEP § 1207.03
Notice of Appeal FilingMPEP § 1207.05
Allowance After Appeal or RCE
Examiner Reversed – Allowance Procedure
Examiner Sustained – Amendment Options
Reply Brief Filing
MPEP § 706.07(h)
Abandonment & RevivalMPEP § 711.01

Source Text from USPTO’s MPEP

This is an exact copy of the MPEP from the USPTO. It is here for your reference to see the section in context.

BlueIron Last Updated: 2025-12-31