MPEP § 2175 — Form Paragraphs for Use in Rejections Under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, Second Paragraph (Annotated Rules)
§2175 Form Paragraphs for Use in Rejections Under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, Second Paragraph
This page consolidates and annotates all enforceable requirements under MPEP § 2175, including statutory authority, regulatory rules, examiner guidance, and practice notes. It is provided as guidance, with links to the ground truth sources. This is information only, it is not legal advice.
Form Paragraphs for Use in Rejections Under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, Second Paragraph
This section addresses Form Paragraphs for Use in Rejections Under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, Second Paragraph. Primary authority: 35 U.S.C. 112(b) and 35 U.S.C. 112. Contains: 2 guidance statements and 1 other statement.
Key Rules
When 112(f) Is Invoked (MPEP 2181)
Rejections under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, are discussed in MPEP §§ 2171 – 2174 and 2181, subsection II. Form paragraphs 7.30.02, 7.34 through 7.34.05, 7.34.07 through 7.34.10, 7.34.12 through 7.34.15, 7.35, and 7.35.01 should be used to make rejections under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph.
35 U.S.C. 112 – Disclosure Requirements
Rejections under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, are discussed in MPEP §§ 2171 – 2174 and 2181, subsection II. Form paragraphs 7.30.02, 7.34 through 7.34.05, 7.34.07 through 7.34.10, 7.34.12 through 7.34.15, 7.35, and 7.35.01 should be used to make rejections under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph.
Claims
4. This paragraph should only be used where the specification does not clearly redefine the claim term at issue.
Examiner Form Paragraphs
Examiner form paragraphs are standard language that you might see in an Office Action or communication from the USPTO. Examiners have latitude to change the form paragraphs, but you will often see this exact language.
Claim [1] rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112 , second paragraph, as failing to set forth the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor, or for applications subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112 the applicant, regards as the invention. Evidence that claim [2] fail(s) to correspond in scope with that which the inventor or a joint inventor, or for pre-AIA applications the applicant, regards as the invention can be found in the reply filed [3] . In that paper, the inventor or a joint inventor, or for pre-AIA applications the applicant, has stated [4] , and this statement indicates that the invention is different from what is defined in the claim(s) because [5] .
Claim [1] rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112 , second paragraph, as being indefinite in that it fails to point out what is included or excluded by the claim language. This claim is an omnibus type claim.
Citations
| Primary topic | Citation |
|---|---|
| 35 U.S.C. 112 – Disclosure Requirements When 112(f) Is Invoked (MPEP 2181) | 35 U.S.C. § 112 |
| 35 U.S.C. 112 – Disclosure Requirements When 112(f) Is Invoked (MPEP 2181) | 35 U.S.C. § 112(b) |
| 35 U.S.C. 112 – Disclosure Requirements When 112(f) Is Invoked (MPEP 2181) | MPEP § 2171 |
| – | MPEP § 2173.05(a) |
| – | Form Paragraph § 7.30.02 |
| – | Form Paragraph § 7.34.01 |
| – | Form Paragraph § 7.34.15 |
Source Text from USPTO’s MPEP
This is an exact copy of the MPEP from the USPTO. It is here for your reference to see the section in context.
Official MPEP § 2175 — Form Paragraphs for Use in Rejections Under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, Second Paragraph
Source: USPTO2175 Form Paragraphs for Use in Rejections Under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, Second Paragraph [R-01.2024]
Rejections under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, are discussed in MPEP §§ 2171 – 2174 and 2181, subsection II. Form paragraphs 7.30.02, 7.34 through 7.34.05, 7.34.07 through 7.34.10, 7.34.12 through 7.34.15, 7.35, and 7.35.01 should be used to make rejections under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph.
¶ 7.30.02 Statement of Statutory Basis, 35 U.S.C. 112(b) and pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, Second Paragraph
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112(b):
(B) CONCLUSION.—The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor regards as the invention.
The following is a quotation of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph:
The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention.
Examiner Note:
- 1. The statute is no longer being re-cited in all Office actions. It is only required in first actions on the merits and final rejections. Where the statute is not being cited in an action on the merits, use paragraph 7.103.
- 2. Paragraphs 7.30.01 and 7.30.02 are to be used ONLY ONCE in a given Office action.
¶ 7.34 Rejection, 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, 2nd Paragraph, Failure To Claim Inventor’s Invention
Claim [1] rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, as failing to set forth the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor, or for applications subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112 the applicant, regards as the invention. Evidence that claim [2] fail(s) to correspond in scope with that which the inventor or a joint inventor, or for pre-AIA applications the applicant, regards as the invention can be found in the reply filed [3]. In that paper, the inventor or a joint inventor, or for pre-AIA applications the applicant, has stated [4], and this statement indicates that the invention is different from what is defined in the claim(s) because [5].
Examiner Note:
- 1. This rejection must be preceded by form paragraph 7.30.02 or 7.103.
- 2. This paragraph is to be used only where inventor or applicant has stated, somewhere other than in the application, as filed, that the invention is something different from what is defined in the claim(s).
- 3. In bracket 3, identify the submission by inventor or applicant (which is not the application, as filed, but may be in the remarks by applicant, in the brief, in an affidavit, etc.) by the date the paper was filed in the USPTO.
- 4. In bracket 4, set forth what inventor or applicant has stated in the submission to indicate a different invention.
- 5. In bracket 5, explain how the statement indicates an invention other than what is being claimed.
¶ 7.34.01 Rejection, 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, 2nd Paragraph, Failure To Particularly Point out and Distinctly Claim (Indefinite)
Claim [1] rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, as being indefinite for failing to particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor (or for applications subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, the applicant), regards as the invention.
Examiner Note:
- 1. This rejection must be preceded by form paragraph 7.30.02 or 7.103.
- 2. In bracket 1, pluralize “Claim” if necessary, insert claim number(s), and insert –is– or –are– as appropriate. Any claim dependent on a listed rejected claim should be reviewed to determine if the dependent claim should be rejected as indefinite for the same reason(s) as the listed rejected claim(s), and if so, the dependent claim(s) should be added to the listed rejected claim(s).
- 3. This form paragraph should be followed by one or more of the following form paragraphs 7.34.02 – 7.34.10, and/or 7.34.23 – 7.34.24 as applicable. If none of these form paragraphs are appropriate, a full explanation of the deficiency of the claims should be supplied. Whenever possible, identify the particular term(s) or limitation(s) which render the claim(s) indefinite and state why such term or limitation renders the claim indefinite. If the scope of the claimed subject matter can be determined by one having ordinary skill in the art, a rejection using this form paragraph would not be appropriate. See MPEP §§ 2171 – 2174 for guidance. See also form paragraph 7.34.15 for pro se applicants.
¶ 7.34.02 Terminology Used Inconsistent with Accepted Meaning
Where applicant acts as his or her own lexicographer to specifically define a term of a claim contrary to its ordinary meaning, the written description must clearly redefine the claim term and set forth the uncommon definition so as to put one reasonably skilled in the art on notice that the applicant intended to so redefine that claim term. Process Control Corp. v. HydReclaim Corp., 190 F.3d 1350, 1357, 52 USPQ2d 1029, 1033 (Fed. Cir. 1999). The term “[1]” in claim [2] is used by the claim to mean “[3],” while the accepted meaning is “[4].” The term is indefinite because the specification does not clearly redefine the term.
Examiner Note:
- 1. In bracket 3, point out the meaning that is assigned to the term by applicant’s claims, taking into account the entire disclosure.
- 2. In bracket 4, point out the accepted meaning of the term. Support for the examiner’s stated accepted meaning should be provided through the citation of an appropriate reference source, e.g., textbook or dictionary. See MPEP § 2173.05(a).
- 3. This paragraph must be preceded by form paragraph 7.34.01.
- 4. This paragraph should only be used where the specification does not clearly redefine the claim term at issue.
¶ 7.34.03 Relative Term – Term of Degree Rendering Claim Indefinite
The term “[1]” in claim [2] is a relative term which renders the claim indefinite. The term “[1]” is not defined by the claim, the specification does not provide a standard for ascertaining the requisite degree, and one of ordinary skill in the art would not be reasonably apprised of the scope of the invention. [3]
Examiner Note:
- 1. In bracket 3, explain which parameter, quantity, or other limitation in the claim has been rendered indefinite by the use of the term appearing in bracket 1.
- 2. This form paragraph must be preceded by form paragraph 7.34.01.
¶ 7.34.04 Broader Range/Limitation And Narrow Range/Limitation in Same Claim
A broad range or limitation together with a narrow range or limitation that falls within the broad range or limitation (in the same claim) may be considered indefinite if the resulting claim does not clearly set forth the metes and bounds of the patent protection desired. See MPEP § 2173.05(c). In the present instance, claim [1] recites the broad recitation [2], and the claim also recites [3] which is the narrower statement of the range/limitation. The claim(s) are considered indefinite because there is a question or doubt as to whether the feature introduced by such narrower language is (a) merely exemplary of the remainder of the claim, and therefore not required, or (b) a required feature of the claims.
Examiner Note:
- 1. In bracket 2, insert the broader range/limitation and where it appears in the claim; in bracket 3, insert the narrow range/limitation and where it appears. This form paragraph may be modified to fit other instances of indefiniteness in the claims.
- 2. This form paragraph must be preceded by form paragraph 7.34.01.
¶ 7.34.05 Lack of Antecedent Basis in the Claims
Claim [1] recites the limitation [2] in [3]. There is insufficient antecedent basis for this limitation in the claim.
Examiner Note:
- 1. In bracket 2, insert the limitation which lacks antecedent basis, for example –said lever– or –the lever–.
- 2. In bracket 3, identify where in the claim(s) the limitation appears, for example, –line 3–, –the 3rd paragraph of the claim–, –the last 2 lines of the claim–, etc.
- 3. This form paragraph should ONLY be used in aggravated situations where the lack of antecedent basis makes the scope of the claim indeterminate. It must be preceded by form paragraph 7.34.01.
¶ 7.34.07 Claims Are a Literal Translation
The claims are generally narrative and indefinite, failing to conform with current U.S. practice. They appear to be a literal translation into English from a foreign document and are replete with grammatical and idiomatic errors.
Examiner Note:
This form paragraph must be preceded by form paragraph 7.34.01.
¶ 7.34.08 Indefinite Claim Language: “For Example”
Regarding claim [1], the phrase “for example” renders the claim indefinite because it is unclear whether the limitation(s) following the phrase are part of the claimed invention. See MPEP § 2173.05(d).
Examiner Note:
This form paragraph must be preceded by form paragraph 7.34.01.
¶ 7.34.09 Indefinite Claim Language: “Or The Like”
Regarding claim [1], the phrase “or the like” renders the claim(s) indefinite because the claim(s) include(s) elements not actually disclosed (those encompassed by “or the like”), thereby rendering the scope of the claim(s) unascertainable. See MPEP § 2173.05(d).
Examiner Note:
This form paragraph must be preceded by form paragraph 7.34.01.
¶ 7.34.10 Indefinite Claim Language: “Such As”
Regarding claim [1], the phrase “such as” renders the claim indefinite because it is unclear whether the limitations following the phrase are part of the claimed invention. See MPEP § 2173.05(d).
Examiner Note:
This form paragraph must be preceded by form paragraph 7.34.01.
¶ 7.34.12 Essential Steps Omitted
Claim [1] rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, as being incomplete for omitting essential steps, such omission amounting to a gap between the steps. See MPEP § 2172.01. The omitted steps are: [2]
Examiner Note:
- 1. This rejection must be preceded by form paragraph 7.30.02 or 7.103.
- 2. In bracket 2, recite the steps omitted from the claims.
- 3. Give the rationale for considering the omitted steps critical or essential. The rationale must explain the basis for concluding that the inventor regards the omitted matter to be essential to the invention.
¶ 7.34.13 Essential Elements Omitted
Claim [1] rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, as being incomplete for omitting essential elements, such omission amounting to a gap between the elements. See MPEP § 2172.01. The omitted elements are: [2]
Examiner Note:
- 1. This rejection must be preceded by form paragraph 7.30.02 or 7.103.
- 2. In bracket 2, recite the elements omitted from the claims.
- 3. Give the rationale for considering the omitted elements critical or essential. The rationale must explain the basis for concluding that the inventor regards the omitted matter to be essential to the invention.
¶ 7.34.14 Essential Cooperative Relationships Omitted
Claim [1] rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, as being incomplete for omitting essential structural cooperative relationships of elements, such omission amounting to a gap between the necessary structural connections. See MPEP § 2172.01. The omitted structural cooperative relationships are: [2]
Examiner Note:
- 1. This rejection must be preceded by form paragraph 7.30.02 or 7.103.
- 2. In bracket 2, recite the structural cooperative relationships of elements omitted from the claims.
- 3. Give the rationale for considering the omitted structural cooperative relationships of elements being critical or essential.
¶ 7.34.15 Rejection Under 35 U.S.C. 112, Pro Se
Claim [1] rejected as failing to define the invention in the manner required by 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph.
The claim(s) are narrative in form and replete with indefinite language. The structure which goes to make up the device must be clearly and positively specified. The structure must be organized and correlated in such a manner as to present a complete operative device. The claim(s) must be in one sentence form only. Note the format of the claims in the patent(s) cited.
¶ 7.35 Rejection, 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, 2nd Paragraph, Failure To Particularly Point out and Distinctly Claim – Omnibus Claim
Claim [1] rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, as being indefinite in that it fails to point out what is included or excluded by the claim language. This claim is an omnibus type claim.
Examiner Note:
¶ 7.35.01 Trademark or Trade Name as a Limitation in the Claim
Claim [1] contains the trademark/trade name [2]. Where a trademark or trade name is used in a claim as a limitation to identify or describe a particular material or product, the claim does not comply with the requirements of 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph. See Ex parte Simpson, 218 USPQ 1020 (Bd. App. 1982). The claim scope is uncertain since the trademark or trade name cannot be used properly to identify any particular material or product. A trademark or trade name is used to identify a source of goods, and not the goods themselves. Thus, a trademark or trade name does not identify or describe the goods associated with the trademark or trade name. In the present case, the trademark/trade name is used to identify/describe [3] and, accordingly, the identification/description is indefinite.
Examiner Note:
- 1. In bracket 2, insert the trademark/trade name and where it is used in the claim.
- 2. In bracket 3, specify the material or product which is identified or described in the claim by the trademark/trade name.