MPEP § 2144.02 — Reliance on Scientific Theory (Annotated Rules)

§2144.02 Reliance on Scientific Theory

USPTO MPEP version: BlueIron's Update: 2026-01-10

This page consolidates and annotates all enforceable requirements under MPEP § 2144.02, including statutory authority, regulatory rules, examiner guidance, and practice notes. It is provided as guidance, with links to the ground truth sources. This is information only, it is not legal advice.

Reliance on Scientific Theory

This section addresses Reliance on Scientific Theory. Primary authority: 35 U.S.C. 103. Contains: 1 requirement and 1 other statement.

Key Rules

Topic

Obviousness

2 rules
StatutoryRequiredAlways
[mpep-2144-02-ad93ad17ebb13d4090929f28]
Requirement for Evidentiary Support of Scientific Theory
Note:
An examiner must provide evidence supporting the existence and meaning of a scientific theory when relying on it to support a rejection under 35 U.S.C. 103.

The rationale to support a rejection under 35 U.S.C. 103 may rely on logic and sound scientific principle. In re Soli, 317 F.2d 941, 137 USPQ 797 (CCPA 1963). However, when an examiner relies on a scientific theory, evidentiary support for the existence and meaning of that theory must be provided. In re Grose, 592 F.2d 1161, 201 USPQ 57 (CCPA 1979) (Court held that different crystal forms of zeolites would not have been structurally obvious one from the other because there was no chemical theory supporting such a conclusion. The known chemical relationship between structurally similar compounds (homologs, analogs, isomers) did not support a finding of prima facie obviousness of claimed zeolite over the prior art because a zeolite is not a compound but a mixture of compounds related to each other by a particular crystal structure.).

Jump to MPEP SourceObviousnessPrima Facie Case of Obviousness
StatutoryInformativeAlways
[mpep-2144-02-1adfbda063cc9dbc66bc2854]
Zeolite Crystal Structure Not Compound
Note:
A zeolite is not a single compound but a mixture of compounds with a specific crystal structure, making it not prima facie obvious over prior art based on structural similarity alone.

The rationale to support a rejection under 35 U.S.C. 103 may rely on logic and sound scientific principle. In re Soli, 317 F.2d 941, 137 USPQ 797 (CCPA 1963). However, when an examiner relies on a scientific theory, evidentiary support for the existence and meaning of that theory must be provided. In re Grose, 592 F.2d 1161, 201 USPQ 57 (CCPA 1979) (Court held that different crystal forms of zeolites would not have been structurally obvious one from the other because there was no chemical theory supporting such a conclusion. The known chemical relationship between structurally similar compounds (homologs, analogs, isomers) did not support a finding of prima facie obviousness of claimed zeolite over the prior art because a zeolite is not a compound but a mixture of compounds related to each other by a particular crystal structure.).

Jump to MPEP SourceObviousnessPrima Facie Case of Obviousness

Citations

Primary topicCitation
Obviousness35 U.S.C. § 103
ObviousnessIn re Grose, 592 F.2d 1161, 201 USPQ 57 (CCPA 1979)
ObviousnessIn re Soli, 317 F.2d 941, 137 USPQ 797 (CCPA 1963)

Source Text from USPTO’s MPEP

This is an exact copy of the MPEP from the USPTO. It is here for your reference to see the section in context.

BlueIron Last Updated: 2026-01-10